The study aimed to evaluate the effect of a pine tree energy supplement based on forest processing on milk productivity, milk quality, and methane emission by cows. The studies were carried out in production conditions on two groups of black-and-white cows (10 heads each) after calving. The cows of the control group received a basic diet which included haylage of perennial grasses, corn silage, legume hay, compound feed, and molasses. The cows of the experimental group, in addition to the basic diet, received a pine tree energy supplement at a dose of 150 g/head per day. The inclusion of a pine tree energy supplement in the diet of cows at the beginning of lactation led to an increase in the average daily milk yields with the natural fat content by 11.9-12.2% while reducing feed costs per unit of output. The feed supplement in the diet led to a decrease in methane emissions from cows; in the control group of cows, the maximum amount of methane was 446.6 liters per day, whereas in the experimental group it equaled 333.84 liters or 33.0% less. At the same time, the conditional net income from the use of the PTES amounted to 2,617.6 rubles for the period of the experiment per animal.
This paper discusses morphological features and the nature of the viability of the cell groups of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris Beijer., growing in an artificial nutrient medium. It has been found that in the morphological aspect, the microalgae have a unicellular cell structure of rounded or ellipsoidal shapes with a diameter of cell structures from 2 to 10 microns. The structure of the chlorella cell is represented as a thin shell, in the cytoplasm of which the nucleus with a decorated chloroplast is immersed. The optimal parameters for the intensive growth of chlorella microalgae were temperature values in the range of +27+29C. In such temperature values, chlorella microalgae showed the best results in terms of cell growth rate and in the values of its viability index. At the same time, the culture of chlorella cells, having the ability to outstrip cell growth, is able to maintain its systematic variety for a long time. In addition, it has been found that chlorella cells have a pronounced phototropism, expressed in responses to a light pulse and the ability to purposefully move towards it in the form of phototaxis. Further observations showed that the majority of chlorella cells in the visible field of micrometry were about 4-6 microns in size with an average quantitative content of about 4,5 million microalgae cell structures in one milliliter of nutrient (culture) medium. The indicator of the optical density of the studied chlorella cell culture after 14 days of growth in the nutrient medium increased by the end of observations by a little more than 2 times, which indicates a sufficiently high value of the viability of the cell structures of the Chlorella vulgaris Beijer. microalgae culture.
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplements on ruminal digestion and intestinal microbiocenosis of lactating cows. The study was carried out under production conditions on three groups of new black-and-white heifers (10 heads each). Mean live weight of cows was 500±20 kg. The cows of the control group received a basic diet, which included haylage of perennial grasses, corn silage, legume hay, concentrate feed, and molasses. Cows of the experimental groups, in addition to the basal diet (BD), received the Farmatan TM supplement (consists of a balanced combination of tannins, essential oils of clove and cinnamon, sodium acetate, and organic zinc) at a dose of 40 g. head-1 per day (experimental group 1) and a pine tree energy supplement at a dose of 150 g. head-1 per day (experimental group 2). The supplement was mixed with concentrate feed and given once in the morning feeding. In the course of the study, the parameters of ruminal fermentation in experimental animals and the microorganisms of the rumen and the large intestine were studied. At the same time, it was found that the inclusion of the Farmatan TM feed additive (40 g per day) and pine tree energy supplement (150 g per day) in the diet of cows at the beginning of lactation contributed to the strengthening of enzymatic processes in the rumen, which was expressed in an increase in the formation of volatile fatty acids by 7.6 and 20.3%, an increase in the proportion of propionic acid and a slight decrease in the proportion of acetic and butyric acids. When using feed additives (Farmatan TM and pine tree energy supplement), a decrease in the content of Clostridium in the rumen of cows was noted by 26.3 and 30.3% in the 1st and 2nd experimental groups, respectively, compared with the control group. In cows of the experimental groups, a decrease in the content of molds and yeast-like fungi in the rumen was also noted. The results obtained allow recommending the studied additives (Farmatan TM and pine tree energy supplement) to enhance enzymatic processes in the rumen.
Breeding, preserving, and successfully rearing young animals resistant to various environmental influences is one of the main parameters of effective livestock management. The study aimed to study the indicators of natural resistance and the growth rate of calves under the influence of dietary supplements. The studies were carried out on four groups of black-and-white calves, 10 heads each, at the age of 2-5 months. The dairy calves of the control group were fed according to the ration adopted on the farm (basic ration, including cereal-legume hay, whole milk, milk replacer, concentrates, chalk, salt). In addition to the main diet, the animals of the experimental groups were given a dietary supplement. At 2-3, 3-4, and 4-5, months of age, calves were given 12-23, 19-38, and 23-47 g.head-1 of dietary supplement per day, respectively. The article deals with the effect of a forest biomass supplement on the morphophysiological parameters of calves. Biochemical blood analysis and the features of metabolic processes in the bodies of animals are studied. The results indicated that the use of a dietary supplement at a dosage of 30 g/head of cattle per day contributes to the highest increase (9.9%) in live weight gain of experimental animals and an improvement in natural resistance parameters (bactericidal activity of blood serum, phagocytic activity of neutrophils). Based on the data of biochemical and haematological blood tests, the authors conclude that the inclusion of a dietary supplement in the diet of calves has a positive effect on the indices of natural resistance and the course of nitrogen metabolism.
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