The present study examined the role of locus of control and the perceiver 's sex in the estimation of filled and unfilled time intervals. One hundred male and 100 female undergraduates, ranging in age between 16 and 21 years, were administered Collins' I-E Scale followed by a time-estimation task. The latter involved judging 10 time intervals which were either "filled" with a tapping sound presented by the E, or were "unfilled." Results indicate that (a) high internals, compared to low internals, were less likely to overestimate filled intervals, but were more likely to overestimate unfilled intervals, possibly because high internals are more time-conscious; (b) the extent of absolute error in estimation is jointly affected by internality, filled/unfilled intervals, and the perceiver 's sex, but the last-mentioned variable had the most prominent independent effect. In general, males made less error in time estimation than females. It is suggested that the observed sex differences in the present study was probably due to socially learned differences in time consciousness.
This paper examines the diverse interpretations and contexts of the term justice, using a social-psychological perspective. It explores the traditional Indian view of justice drawing on sources, such as the epics and theoretical texts. Focusing on the prescrip tive element of various forms of justice, which it is believed are embedded in an implicit action-outcome relationship, an analysis is presented of the different aspects of this relationship, as well as the criteria used to define deservingness in specific situations. The discussion of Western perspectives includes a statement of diverse philosophical views as well as an enumeration of the major social-psychological conceptualisations including the exchange and equity theories and Lerner's "belief in a just world" hypothesis. The empirical literature on distributive justice and reward allocation is reviewed, highlighting cultural differences and those points of view that are relevant to justice in. non-western cultures.
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