The aim of this study, based on pupils' drawings, is to find out what kind of collective emotional atmosphere dominates in fifth-graders' mathematics lessons. Pupils' (N = 136) drawings were analyzed using a holistic evaluation of emotional atmosphere during mathematics lesson. Even though the collective emotional atmosphere in mathematics lesson is positive in the total data, there are large differences among the different classrooms. In most of the classrooms the emotional atmosphere could be described more or less as ambivalent (there are both positive and negative facial or other expressions). In two classrooms the emotional atmosphere could be described as positive and only in one as neutral. The differences between the classrooms are thus large. Based on our data, it can be said that asking pupils to do drawings is a good and many-sided method to collect data about the collective emotional atmosphere of a teaching group.

The effect of angiotensin (ANG) IV on CBF after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was studied in rats using laser-Doppler flowmetry. ANG IV (1 microgram/kg/min i.v.) or saline treatments were started 20 min after SAH. ANG IV increased CBF (from 45 to 84% of baseline) by 60 min. In the saline group, CBF remained low (51%). Pretreatment with the specific ANG II antagonist Sar1, Ile8-ANG II did not antagonize ANG IV. Determination of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in vitro or inhibition of NOS in vivo did not support a role for NO in the action of ANG IV.

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Summary:We investigated the effect of angiotensin AT! and AT2 receptor blockade on the upper limit of CBF autoregulation in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. CBF was measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry from the pari etal cortex and MABP was increased by intravenous phenylephrine infusion. Neither the AT! antagonist 10-sartan nor the AT2 ligand PD 123319 nor angiotensin II (ANG II) in the presence of losartan affected baseline CBF. When the blood pressure was increased in the con trol group, CBF remained fairly constant up to 145 mm Hg and increased steeply after 150 mm Hg. Both PD 123319 (7-10 mglkg) and losartan (1-10 mglkg) shifted the upper limit of CBF autoregulation toward higher presAngiotensin II (ANG II) is a key regulator of car diovascular function. On the basis of displacement with selective ligands, ANG II receptors have been classified in AT) and AT2 subtypes (Chiu et aI., 1989; Whitebread et aI., 1989 298sures. Intravenous infusion of PD 123319 was more ef fective than bolus injection. The losartan effect was dose dependent. Selective stimulation of AT 2 receptors with an intravenous ANG II infusion (0.54 J.Lg/min) in the pres ence of losartan did not reverse the effect of losartan on CBF autoregulation, but, on the contrary, appeared to further shift the upper limit of autoregulation toward higher pressures. The results implicate a role for both AT I and AT 2 angiotensin receptors in the regulation of CBF.