Rice false smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, is one of the most destructive diseases in major world rice-producing regions. Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins, which belong to an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor family and play critical roles in various biological processes in eukaryotes, have been previously identified in U. virens; however, their functions still need to be further elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the biological roles of UvbZIP6, a member of the bZIP family in U. virens. In this study, we found that UvbZIP6 was highly up-regulated at 7 days post-inoculation. Deletion of UvbZIP6 in U. virens resulted in an increase in fungal growth and sensitivity to Congo red and calcofluor white, whereas a decrease in sensitivity to hyperosmotic, oxidative, and sodium dodecyl sulfate stresses. Conidiation capacity was reduced in UvbZIP6-knockout mutants, but conidial morphology and germination were not affected. Although UvbZIP6-knockout mutants caused infection in rice plants, they could not form false smut balls. Our study indicates that UvbZIP6 is required for fungal growth, conidiation, stress response, and false smut ball formation of U. virens.
To reduce or eliminaie ihe implosion of acknowledgments ai ihe source of a very large multicasi group, current reliable muliicasi protocols either organize the receivers of a group into a tree or ring, or implement NAK-avoidance algorithms based on random rimers. All of ihese approaches have iheir limitations and advaniages. We preseni a ring-based reliable muliicasi proiocol, called the evenly-loaded ring protocol (ELRP), which removes processing bursis from nodes in ihe ring. ELRP achieves ihroughpuis as good as those obtained wiih iree-based protocols and beiier than those of receiver-initiated protocols wiih NAK avoidance. We propose a deterministic NAK avoidance (DNKA) algoriihm based on ELRP ihai performs beiier than the random NAK avoidance scheme (RNKA). Because tree siruciures are beiier suited than rings for wide areas involving paihs with long delays, we propose the hybrid reliable multicast protocol (HRMP), which organizes receivers into a backbone acknowledgemeni tree that connects local areas. Any tree-based protocol with positive acknowledgemeni can be run in ihe backbone acknowledgemeni tree. and ELRP is run in ihe local areas. The maximum achievable throughput in HRMP is analyzed, which shows thai it is completelyscalable. The delay of DNKA and RNKA schemes are also analyzed which shows ihai compared wiih RNKA, DNKA reduces ihe reiransmission delay signiJicanily.
Ustilaginoidea virens
causes destructive panicle disease in rice, significantly threatening agricultural production. UvATG6 is required for autophagy and contributes to growth, conidiation, and virulence in
U. virens
.
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