Chukotka is the only region of the Russian Federation where traditional fishing of marine mammals, including the gray whale Eschrichtius gibbosus, is conducted. More than 70% of the indigenous population of the coastal settlements of the Chukchi Peninsula eat the meat of marine mammals. Due to the huge distances between communities, lack of infrastructure, limited access to medical and veterinary care, isolated studies of marine mammal infestation with trichinella larvae are being conducted. For the first time, trichinella in the Pacific walrus Odobenus rosmarus divergens in Chukotka were recorded in the coastal zone of the Bering and Chukchi Seas in the 1970s. In the future, trichinosis has not been studied in this region, which confirms the relevance of our work. Infection of marine mammals was studied by trichinelloscopy (compressor and biochemical). Bioassays were collected during fishing by sea St. John's wort in the village of Lorino. Infection rates were determined. Studies conducted on the Chukchi Peninsula confirmed the infection with trichinosis of the Pacific walrus and revealed the larvae of trichinella in lakhtak Erignathus b.nauticus and ringed seal Phoca hispida, and later in larga Phoca largha. The extent of invasion varied from 0.9% in larga to 4.3% in lakhtak. The gray whale is the most popular food item in the diet of the indigenous inhabitants of Chukotka. According to the results of the research, out of 119 individuals of gray whales, trichinella were not found. Given the trophic‐chorological connections of marine mammals, it is difficult to imagine a way of transmission of trichinella in marine ecosystems. However, previously obtained research results allow us to do this. On the Arctic coasts, especially near settlements, there are a large number of corpses of dogs, cats, rats, voles, carcasses of small seals that fall into marine ecosystems. Invertebrates, their adult and larval forms, as well as vertebrates ‐ fish and birds ‐ occupy an important place in the process of disposal of corpses. Studies have shown that various types of invertebrates from 1 to 59 hours, and vertebrates from 28 to 95 hours can be direct or indirect sources of the pathogen of invasion and contribute to their mechanical transfer. Thus, in the conditions of coastal Arctic marine ecosystems, successful circulation of trichinella is carried out, thanks to human economic activity and the specifics of the trophic‐horological relationships of obligate and potential host species. Therefore, monitoring of trichinella invasion in these regions is vital.
One of the global environmental problems facing man is the pollution of the oceans by industrial and household garbage. Several hundred seals and sea lions injured by foreign objects are registered annually in reproductive rookeries. Without timely release, these animals are doomed to perish. In this regard, the purpose of the work was to test the technique of freeing injured marine mammals from foreign objects of anthropogenic origin using methods of remote sedation of animals. The problem of implementing measures for the release of marine mammals is associated, among other things, with the lack of proven methods and dosages of sedatives for these animals.In the course of this study, it was revealed that in order to carry out remote sedation, the following factors must be taken into account: weather conditions, distance to water, the presence of other animals between the object and the water, terrain features, danger from other animals, the place of the shot, the dose. The choice of an animal must be carried out depending on the period (harem / post-harem), age, psychological state, body weight and physical condition. In the course of working out the technique of freeing injured marine mammals from foreign objects of anthropogenic origin using methods of remote sedation of animals in a natural habitat, an algorithm for remote sedation using a Bushnell HOLO sight daninject 2528 mod jm remote injector was developed and tested (barrel diameter 11 mm, pressure in the applicator chamber 5 Bar (500 kPa), the size of the syringe-dart for sedation CMC 2-3 ml, needle length 4 cm), a scheme of combined anesthesia with the help of zoletil 100 (telazol) and medin (medetomedin) 1% has also been developed and successfully tested.
One of the most pathogenic helminth species for the young of the northern fur seal (Callorchinus ursinus) is the nematode (Ancylostomatidae family) Uncinaria lucasi. The ecology of the definitive host determines the adaptation of the parasite to the host, the development of additional transmission mechanisms. The main adaptation of the parasite to the host is the ability of invasive larvae to settle in the tissues of all sex and age groups of the seal herd, which makes it possible to avoid wintering in the ground. At present, the fate of these larvae is unknown, as well as the role of each of the age groups of seals in the implementation of the life cycle of this helminthiasis, in connection with which the purpose of the work was to determine the role of the sex and age groups of the seal herd to maintain the hostparasitic system of the seal – uncinaria. The study found that female northern fur seals are a mandatory link in the life cycle of U. lucasi and they should be considered as.
Marine mammals often become entangled in various objects of anthropogenic origin floating on the surface of the water. Plastic, polyethylene, synthetic packing straps, and fishing gear threaten marine mammals in the water and on land. The study was carried out on 29 specimens of Callorhinus ursinus. We used a combined Zoletil 100 and Medetin 1% for remote sedation of injured Callorhinus ursinus to release foreign objects. Results the first signs of anesthesia were recorded 3‐5 minutes after drug delivery. The difficulty of movement, coordination disorder, weakness were noted. After 5‐15 minutes, the animals lay down but reacted to touch, and their eyes were open. After 15‐20 minutes, the animals lay motionless, practically not reacting to external stimuli. Their eyes were in a half‐closed state. In this state, it is possible to carry out manipulations to remove foreign objects from the animal. The depth of narcotic sleep varied depending on the dose: mild sedation developed at Medetin 1% 0.02‐0.03 mg/kg and Zoletil 100 0.45‐0.65 mg/kg. The animals were lying down, we could approach them, but they reacted to touches and loud sounds. The eyes were open, and it was dangerous to carry out any manipulations with such animals. The seals did not fall into a deep sleep; after 30‐60 minutes without the use of antagonists, they began to move, but there was a slight impairment of coordination of movements for 1‐2 hours. Moderate sedation was observed at a dose of 0.03‐0.05 mg / kg Medetin 1% and 0.5‐0.9 mg / kg Zoletil 100. The animals lay motionless; sometimes, there was a slight twitching of their fins, whiskers, or ears during manipulation of slight pain. Eyes half‐closed. It is possible to carry out small short‐term manipulations with the animal to remove a foreign object without strong painful sensations. After 30‐60 minutes, the seals wiggled their flippers and tried to raise their heads. They began to move independently after 1‐1.5 hours. Slight impairment of coordination was noted 1.5‐2 hours after full awakening. At a dose of 0.05‐0.09 mg/kg Medetin 1% and 0.8‐2.0 mg/kg Zoletil 100, the animals lay motionless and did not react to external stimuli, even during painful manipulations or movement. This sedation is deep, suitable for painful procedures to remove foreign objects with deep skin lesions. Without the use of antagonists, such animals woke up after 1‐1.5 hours. They began to move their flippers, mustache, move around after 2.5‐3 hours. Determining the optimal doses of drugs for remote anesthesia of marine mammals is essential, both for the safe release of foreign objects from the animals and also for the people who perform this work.
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