The association of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and esophageal cancer is well known. The carcinogenic properties of the gastroduodenal contents may also lead to cancer in target organs for GERD especially considering that they do not have intrinsic protective mechanisms as found in the esophagus. This review focuses on the putative relation between GERD and non-esophageal cancer. Most of the papers reviewed are far from ideal to prove the relationship of extra-esophageal cancer and GERD since a small number of patients is presented, most do not control cases based on tobacco usage and obesity, and the diagnosis of GERD is variable, not always from an objective measurement such as pH monitoring but relying on symptoms in most reports. Nevertheless, head and neck and lung cancer have a growing incidence parallel to GERD and a shift towards non-smoking, female gender and adenocarcinoma (compared to squamous cell carcinoma) is arising, similar to the example of esophageal cancer with the exception of the female gender.
Melanoma é a principal doença fatal relacionada à pele. A incidência e a mortalidade pelo melanoma vêm aumentando no mundo, sendo sua incidência em países pouco desenvolvidos pouco conhecida. No Brasil, 0,15% de todas as neoplasias malignas correspondem a esta doença, sendo o diagnóstico histológico crescente. Visto que 12% dos pacientes com melanoma metastático sobrevivem mais de cinco anos, a chance de cura dessa doença está diretamente relacionada ao diagnóstico e ao tratamento no início do seu desenvolvimento. Por isso, estudos sobre a biologia molecular do melanoma cutâneo buscando a identificação de marcadores moleculares são interessantes na previsão do diagnóstico e na melhoria do prognóstico dos indivíduos com essa doença. Marcadores imuno-histoquímicos (Mel-CAM), enzimáticos (Tirosinase), protéicos (Integrinas; ICAM - 1; ciclina D1) e genéticos (CDKN2A; p53; p21) podem ser utilizados para esse fim. Devido a isso, foi observado um grande avanço nos estudos do desenvolvimento dos mecanismos patogênicos do melanoma maligno.
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