Significance
Adaptation to more severe ambient temperature fluctuations can be considered one of the key innovations of terrestrial tetrapods. Our study shows the formation of the functional MHR1-3 domain in transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) bestowed the channel with cold sensitivity during the water-to-land transition. The evolved MHR1-3 domain found in terrestrial tetrapods serves as an independent apparatus with cold sensitivity. Furthermore, this domain with independent cold sensitivity is necessary for the regulatory mechanism of the pore domain, where the efficacy of cold activation is largely altered by evolutionary tuning of the hydrophobicity of several residues during the diversification of terrestrial tetrapods. Our findings advance the understanding of cold-sensing emergence during evolution and the thermodynamic basis of TRPM8 cold activation.
Organisms from cyanobacteria to humans have evolved a wide array of photoreceptive strategies to detect light. Sunlight avoidance behavior is common in animals without vision or known photosensory genes. While indirect light perception via photothermal conversion is a possible scenario, there is no experimental evidence for this hypothesis. Here, we show a nonvisual and extraocular sunlight detection mechanism by identifying the broad-range thermal receptor 1 (BRTNaC1, temperature range = 33 to 48 °C) in centipede antennae. BRTNaC1, a heat-activated cation-permeable ion channel, is structurally related to members of the epithelial sodium channel family. At the molecular level, heat activation of BRTNaC1 exhibits strong pH dependence controlled by two protonatable sites. Physiologically, temperature-dependent activation of BRTNaC1 upon sunlight exposure comes from a striking photothermal effect on the antennae, where a slightly acidic environment (pH 6.1) of the body fluid leads to the protonation of BRTNaC1 and switches on its high thermal sensitivity. Furthermore, testosterone potently inhibits heat activation of BRTNaC1 and the sunlight avoidance behavior of centipedes. Taken together, our study suggests a sophisticated strategy for nonvisual sunlight detection in myriapods.
In recent years, venture capital is booming all over the world. Its development has changed from localization to globalization, from developed countries gradually extended to developing countries. Its remarkable returns and star cases have made people salivate. At the same time, the government is also supporting the development of venture capital because of its promoting effect on society and enterprises. With the boom of the Internet, more and more people realize the benefits of venture capital and try to enter the industry. However, they ignore the failure rate of venture capital. This paper will start from the case of venture capital in China, analyze the development trend of venture capital and listed enterprises, and explain its benefits to the country and enterprises. Also, this paper will point out the problems that venture capital may face, and give the possible development direction of venture capital in the future, so that investors can make decisions and improve their success rate.
Energy has always been the cornerstone of the development of the world and even human society. Energy affects mankind in economy, life, culture and other aspects. Therefore, energy has always been one of the most important things in human society. As the world changes, energy security is always on the minds of world leaders. At the same time, as a very important investment product in the world, the price trend of energy has been affecting the attention of investors around the world. Therefore, this paper will take the European natural gas price as an analysis case, and help analyze the possible trend of the European natural gas price by analyzing the demand and supply and detailing the supply situation. In addition, this paper will analyze European energy supply sources in detail, and put forward constructive suggestions for European leaders to solve energy security problems with the goal of helping Europe achieve energy self-sufficiency.
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