There has been virtual explosion of studies published in cognitive neuroscience primarily due to increased accessibility to neuroimaging methods, which has led to different approaches in interpretation. This review seeks to synthesize both developmental approaches and more recent views that consider neuroimaging. The ways in which Neuronal Recycling, Neural Reuse, and Language as Shaped by the Brain perspectives seek to clarify the brain bases of cognition will be addressed. Neuroconstructivism as an additional explanatory framework which seeks to bind brain and cognition to development will also be presented. Despite sharing similar goals, the four approaches to understanding how the brain is related to cognition have generally been considered separately. However, we propose that all four perspectives argue for a form of Emergentism in which combinations of smaller elements can lead to a greater whole. This discussion seeks to provide a synthesis of these approaches that leads to the emergence of a theory itself. We term this new synthesis Neurocomputational Emergentism (or Neuromergentism for short).
The theta/beta ratio (TBR) is a major area of interest within electroencephalogram (EEG) research in AD/HD. While researchers suggest a prognostic role for TBR in AD/HD, its relationship to behavior remains uncertain. Recent evidence suggests that elevated TBR in AD/HD may be related to atypical inhibition, particularly at an attentional level. This study aimed to examine the performance on three inhibitory tasks of children with AD/HD. Fifty-eight children with AD/HD participated, divided into an elevated TBR (ET) group and a control group (CT). A behavioral disassociation was found - compared to CT, ET showed more difficulty in inhibiting surrounding stimuli but had less day-to-day inhibitory issues measured by BRIEF. There was no significant group difference on response inhibition. The results support the prognostic value of TBR in AD/HD. Elevated TBR may be an inhibitory biomarker; further studies are needed to explore the behavioral implications in patients without elevated TBR.
Background/Aims: Histone acetylation has been demonstrated to be associated with inflammation response. Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) Mof, specifically acetylating lysine 16 of histone H4 (H4K16), has been reported to regulate T cell differentiation. In addition, it has been suggested that acetylation of H4K16 is associated with the inflammatory response. We evaluated the role and potential mechanism of Mof in the development of experimental colitis. Methods: We used Mof conditional knockout mice to study the role of Mof in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and detected the differential expression of genes due to Mof deficiency involved in the inflammatory response, particularly the Th17 signaling pathway, by western blotting, quantitative PCR and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Results: A significant elevation of Mof was observed in colonic tissues of mice with DSS-induced colitis. Mof deficiency alleviated the severity of DSS- induced colitis in mice. We found that Th17 signaling pathway associated genes, including Il17a, Il22, RORγt, RORα, Stat3, TGF-β 1, and Il6, were downregulated in colon tissues with Mof deficiency. RNA-seq data analysis suggested that 68 genes were related to inflammatory response processing and 47 genes were downregulated in Mof defective colon tissues. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that HAT Mof is involved in the development of colitis, and the lack of Mof ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice.
Parental scaffolding such as looking at and showing objects has long been considered to be helpful for early attention and language development. However, relatively little is known about how parental social multimodal cues work alone or together in guiding an infant's attention toward the referent items. The present study aims to document the dynamics of social referential input during an interac tive play session and specify the different types of social cues in directing infant attention. Forty-three parent-infant dyads (infants aged from 5.0 to 18.0 months) in the U.S. completed a short play session recorded by head-mounted camera with eye-trackers. The present findings suggest that joint attention between parent and infant toward the same referent item often co-occurred with other referential input.Infants were more likely to maintain sustained attention to an object under the circumstance that the parent looked at the same item and named it explicitly. This was not the case when parent object looking accompanied other utterances, like "Look!" or the child's name. The present study highlights the importance of multimodal referential input, which sets up enriched opportunities for children to become sensitive to social input and develop sustained attention for further learning.
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