In this work, we describe the results of a preliminary soil assessment program for the detection of dioxins at different sites in Mexico performed by immunoassay. We studied five different sectors considered relevant sources of dioxins: Anaversa and Tekchem industrial areas where Correspondence to: E. García-Nieto, mirosgn@yahoo.com.mx. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptArch Environ Contam Toxicol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 February 3. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript organochlorine pesticides were manufactured and released by accidental explosions, secondary smelters, brick kilns, and rural dwellings. In the context of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) guidelines, only the brick kilns sites can be considered as low-risk areas. The dioxin concentrations detected in the vicinity of the Anaversa and Tekchem chemical plants and secondary smelters exceed the screening level of 0.05 ppb set by the ATSDR, and therefore further site-specific studies are needed. The dioxin levels found in all soot samples from indigenous dwellings where wood is used for indoor cooking were above the evaluation level.Considering that the studied areas are representative examples of dioxin sources in less developed countries, our work demonstrates the useful application of dioxin immunoassays as a tool for dioxin screening for environmental assessment programs in developing countries.Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) have never been produced intentionally, but are unwanted toxic byproducts of many industrial and combustion chemical processes (ATSDR 2002). Almost all possible congeners are released from these sources. Due to their chemical, physical, and biological stability and long-range transport, PCDDs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants found in soil (Lorber et al. 1998;Nadal et al. 2002), sediment (Hilscherova et al. 2003), air (Quass et al. 2004, and food (fish, meat, and cow's milk) (Huwe 2002;Tsutsumi et al. 2008). In 1999, the United Nations Environmental Program published dioxin national inventories for 15 countries mostly from Europe and North America (UNEP 1999). In this report the PCDDs sources were categorized into nine major sectors: (1) waste incineration; (2) iron and steel industry; (3) nonferrous metals (primary and secondary plants for the generation of copper, aluminum, zinc or lead); (4) power plants fuelled with coal, gas, crude oil or wood; (5) industrial combustion plants; (6) small combustion units (i.e., domestic stoves); (7) road transport; (8) mineral products production (generation of cement, lime, glass, brick, etc.); and (9) others (wood chips, accidental fires, etc.). The percentage share of the above sectors varies among different countries, with waste incineration being the major source in many countries. However it should be noted that dioxin emissions from regulated sources are declining in developed countries, although surprisingly backyard trash burning is an increasingly important source (EPA ...
The aim of this study was to assess the levels of some persistent organic pollutants in the surface sediments from the Zahuapan and Atoyac rivers (Tlaxcala, Mexico), as well as to determine the genotoxic potential, by the micronucleus test in Vicia faba, of the sediments and agricultural soils irrigated with water from these rivers. This document is the first study on the presence of POPs in surface sediments of the above-mentioned rivers; among the compounds analyzed are the HCH isomers, DDT and its metabolite DDE, HCB, mirex, aldrin, and 41 PCB congeners. The concentrations of HCB, DDTs, HCHs, and PCBs ranged from 138-510, 45-450, 3-27, and 59-1876 μg kg −1 dry weight, respectively. The highest levels of HCB, HCH isomers, and PCB congeners were found in the Atoyac River, and these compounds have the potential for causing an environmental impact. On the other hand, biological testing shows that both sediments and agricultural soils possess a genotoxic potential, given that the micronuclei frequency in V. faba is increased.
The objective of this work was to assess the blood lead level in paired samples of pottery-glaze workers to confirm the LeadCare ® II System (LCS) reliability using this device in the general population, and quantify this metal in cooked food in lead-glazed containers. The blood lead measurement in pottery-glaze workers was carried out by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) and the LCS. this last method was also used in the general population. The food lead level was quantified through GFAAS. The paired data showed a significant correlation (r = 0.976, p < 0.001), a mean difference of 3.3 µg/dL with limits of agreement between -2.4 to 9 and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.928. These results indicate a good concordance between both methods. The blood lead median of 32.0 µg/dL and interquartile range (IQR) of 16.1 was higher in the pottery-glaze workers than in the general population (children = 5.4 µg/dL, IQR = 5.9 and adults = 8.3 µg/dL, IQR = 2.7). Lead in food exceeded the maximum level considered in the Codex alimentarius. Pottery persists as a potential risk in the Tlaxcala State population.Palabras clave: sangre, alimentos, alfareros, niños, sistema LeadCare II RESUMENEl objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el nivel de plomo sanguíneo en muestras pareadas de alfareros para confirmar la confiabilidad del sistema LeadCare II (SLC) empleando este dispositivo en la población general, y cuantificar este metal en alimentos cocinados en recipientes de barro vidriado. La medición de plomo en sangre de los alfareros, se realizó por espectrometría de absorción atómica con horno de grafito (EAAHG) y el SLC, este último método fue utilizado también en la población general. El nivel de plomo en alimentos fue cuantificado por EAAHG. Los datos pareados mostraron una correlación significativa (r = 0.976, p < 0.001), una diferencia media de 3.3 µg/dL Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie. 33 (1) 57-64, 2017 DOI: 10.20937/RICA.2017 E. Ortiz-Ortiz et al. 58con límites de concordancia de -2.4 a 9 y un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de 0.928; esos resultados indican concordancia entre los métodos. La mediana de plomo sanguíneo de 32.0 µg/dL y el rango intercuartílico (RIC) de 16.1 fue superior en los alfareros que en la población general (niños = 5.4 µg/dL, RIC = 5.9 y adultos = 8.3 µg/dL, RIC = 2.7). La concentración de plomo en el alimento superó el nivel máximo que contempla el Codex alimentarius. La alfarería persiste como un riesgo potencial en la población Tlaxcalteca.
The aim of this research was to quantify some POPs, such as p,p' DDT, p,p' DDE, and PCBs in agricultural soils of Tlaxcala, Mexico and evaluate their capacity for eliciting DNA damage, using Vicia faba as bioindicator. The values of ΣDDTs and ΣPCBs ranged from 8-24 to 118-26,983 µg/kg, respectively. The samples T1 (HQ = 9.3) and T2 (HQ = 53.9) showed concentrations of ΣPCBs higher than Canadian guidelines (SQGE = 500 µg/kg). The genotoxicity testing produced percentages of DNA fragmentation higher than negative control and statistically significant (p < 0.05), both in agricultural soils and organic extracts. The soils T2, T3, N4, and N5 showed a DICA from 2.6 to 3.1 times, statistically higher (p < 0.05) than negative control. In general, the agricultural soils have greater genotoxic capacity than the organic extracts, suggesting a potential risk to biota that depends upon this ecosystem.
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