Nitrogen-doped carbon materials derived from N-containing conducting polymer have attracted significant attention due to their special electrochemical properties in the past two decades. Novel nitrogen-enriched carbon nanofibers (NCFs) have been prepared by one-step carbonization of p-toluene sulfonic acid (P-TSA) doped polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers, which are successfully synthesized via the rapid mixing oxidative polymerization at room temperature. NCFs with diameters ranging from 100 nm to 150 nm possess a highly specific surface area of 915 m 2 g −1 and a relatively rich nitrogen content of 7.59 at %. Electrochemical measurements demonstrate that NCFs have high specific capacitance (172 F g −1 , 2 mV s −1 ) and satisfactory cycling stability (89% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles). The outstanding properties affirm that NCFs can be promising candidates for supercapacitor electrode materials. Interestingly, the carbonization of PANI opens the possibility to tailor the morphology of resulting nitrogen-enriched carbon materials by controlling the reaction conditions of PANI synthesis. products of PANI (15 wt % N, 79 wt % C) have been successfully employed in other articles as electrode materials [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. However, most of the present reported PANI-derived carbon materials are irregular and agglomerate. Furthermore, the PANI-derived carbon materials by one-step carbonization usually have a low specific surface area while the chemical activation process is complex and increases costs. Recently, one-dimensional (1D) nanostructured PANI, such as nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanorods, have attracted intensive attention for their unique structure, properties, and new potential applications [37][38][39][40][41][42]. Various methods, such as hard or soft template [32,39], interfacial polymerization [40], and rapid mixing polymerization, have been used to tailor the morphology of the products in the chemical oxidative polymerization. Compared with other methods, the rapid mixing polymerization method is the most common non-template route to produce PANI nanofibers owing to its simplicity, cost effectiveness, being environmental friendly, and pure production [43][44][45][46][47].Furthermore, the molecular structure and functional groups of doped acids also influence the morphology and structure of resulting PANI particles [28,41,[47][48][49][50][51][52]. Chutia's work investigates the effect of organic camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) and inorganic hydrochloric acid (HCl) on the structures and conductivity of polyaniline, and the discovery indicates that PANI nanorods doped with CSA produce more uniform and aligned structures [50]. Organosulfonic acid possessing long alkyl-chain sulfonic acids, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid (P-TSA), β-naphtalenesulfonic acid (NSA), camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA), have already been explored by some researchers [49,51]. P-TSA (the molecular structural formula is p-CH 3 C 6 H 4 SO 3 H) is a non-oxidizing organic acid, so...
A hierarchically porous 3D starch-derived carbon foam (SCF) with a high specific surface area (up to 1693 m 2 ·g −1 ) was first prepared by a facile solvothermal treatment, in which Na 2 CO 3 is used as both the template and activating agent. The hierarchically porous structure and high specific area endow the SCF with favorable electrochemical properties such as a high specific capacitance of 179.6 F·g −1 at 0.5 A·g −1 and a great rate capability and cycling stability, which suggest that the material can be a promising candidate for energy storage applications.
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