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At present, bone nonunion and delayed union are still difficult problems in orthopaedics. Since the discovery of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), it has been widely used in various studies due to its powerful role in promoting osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. Current results show that BMPs can promote healing of bone defects and reduce the occurrence of complications. However, the mechanism of BMP in vivo still needs to be explored, and application of BMP alone to a bone defect site cannot achieve good therapeutic effects. It is particularly important to modify implants to carry BMP to achieve slow and sustained release effects by taking advantage of the nature of the implant. This review aims to explain the mechanism of BMP action in vivo, its biological function, and how BMP can be applied to orthopaedic implants to effectively stimulate bone healing in the long term. Notably, implantation of a system that allows sustained release of BMP can provide an effective method to treat bone nonunion and delayed bone healing in the clinic.

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Based on the fixed aspect ratio of 650 for carbon fiber (CF) in hybrid‐fiber‐reinforced concrete (HFRC), this study investigated the effect of polypropylene fiber (PPF) and the aramid fiber (AF) aspect ratio on the mechanical properties of HFRC under the early stage. For this purpose, compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural tests were carried out to obtain the optimal hybridization parameters with respect to the aspect ratio of polypropylene fiber (PPF‐AR) and aramid fiber (AF‐AR) in HFRC. Additionally, the microstructure of HFRC was also examined by scanning electron microscope method to investigate the bond properties between fiber and a concrete matrix. It can be found from the results that the failure modes of overall tests are a ductile failure. The enhancement of tensile strength is attributed to PPF‐AR, whereas AF‐AR mainly tends to improve the performance in compressive and flexural strength. Meanwhile, the aspect ratio of fibers has little effect on the tensile‐to‐compressive‐strength ratio (TC‐R) or the flexural‐to‐compressive‐strength ratio (FC‐R) of early‐stage HFRC.

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