The number of Late Pleistocene hominin species and the timing of their extinction are issues receiving renewed attention following genomic evidence for interbreeding between the ancestors of some living humans and archaic taxa. Yet, major gaps in the fossil record and uncertainties surrounding the age of key fossils have meant that these questions remain poorly understood. Here we describe and compare a highly unusual femur from Late Pleistocene sediments at Maludong (Yunnan), Southwest China, recovered along with cranial remains that exhibit a mixture of anatomically modern human and archaic traits. Our studies show that the Maludong femur has affinities to archaic hominins, especially Lower Pleistocene femora. However, the scarcity of later Middle and Late Pleistocene archaic remains in East Asia makes an assessment of systematically relevant character states difficult, warranting caution in assigning the specimen to a species at this time. The Maludong fossil probably samples an archaic population that survived until around 14,000 years ago in the biogeographically complex region of Southwest China.
Single-lane modern roundabouts are one of the most important intersection types in suburbs of Australia. It is therefore important to estimate their entry capacities. In this case study, we firstly propose an analytical model based on the gap acceptance theory by incorporating the effects of the exiting vehicles. It then proceeds to carry out a scenario analysis to assess the effects of the exiting indicators. This is followed by the discussions of the applicability of the proposed model. The results show that the transport authorities need to strictly enforce the use of indicators before exiting in order to achieve higher capacity.
In studying the rotational transmission behavior of a carbon nanotubebased bearing (e.g., (5, 5)/(10, 10)) driven by a CNT motor (e.g., (9, 9)) at finite temperature, one can find that the rotor has different dynamic states from the motor at different environmental condition. In particular, the rotor can be in the overspeeding rotational transmission (ORT) state, in which the rotational speed of the rotor is higher than that of the motor. If we change the rotational frequency of the motor (e.g., >100 GHz) and the curved angle of the rotor, the bearing can reach the ORT state. Besides, in the ORT state, the ratio of the rotor's rotational speed over that of the motor will be not higher than the ratio of the motor's radius over that of the rotor. There are two major reasons that result in the bearing to the ORT state. One is that the thermal vibration of atoms between the carbon−hydrogen (C−H) end of the motor and that of the rotor has a drastic collision when the motor is in a high rotational speed. The collision causes the atoms at the end of the rotor to have a circular and axial velocity. The circular velocity leads to the rotation of the rotor and the axial velocity causes the oscillation of the rotor. Another reason is sourced from the oblique angle between the rotor and the stators due to the rotor having a curved angle. A higher oblique angle results in higher friction between the rotor and stator, and it also provides higher collision between the rotor and motor. Hence, one can adjust the transmission state of the rotor by changing not only the environmental temperature but also the rotational speed of the motor, as well as the curved angle of the rotor. The mechanism is essential in guiding a design of a rotational transmission nanodevice which transforms the rotation of the motor into other states of the rotor as output signals.
We evaluated the association between serum uric acid (SUA) levels and prehypertension in a Chinese population. A cross-sectional study was performed during 2008 to 2010, and a total of 11199 participants without hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases (CADs), aged ≥35 years, were available for analysis. After adjusting for age, alcohol consumption, smoking status, body mass index, diabetes, total cholesterol, triglycerides, serum creatinine, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the prehypertension from the lowest (referent) to the highest levels of SUA were 1.00 (95% CI, 0.91-1.10), 1.12 (95% CI, 1.03-1.21), 1.17 (95% CI, 1.09-1.27), and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.13-1.39; linear trend P = .002). This association persisted in subgroup analysis by gender and was also consistent with separate analysis by classification of age, smoking status, alcohol usage, overweight, and diabetes mellitus. Independent of other cardiovascular risk factors, higher SUA levels are positively associated with prehypertension in a Chinese population without hypertension and CADs. Prospective trials should evaluate interventions that lower the SUA levels.
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