Pyrolysis
of dried sewage sludge is regarded as an effective treatment
method as well as a promising technology for energy/fuel production.
In this work, thermochemical conversion of dried sewage sludge in
a continuous reactor at different pyrolysis temperatures (400–800
°C) and solid residence times (6–46 min) was conducted.
The pyrolysis products obtained using different pyrolysis conditions
were extensively investigated. It is indicated that high pyrolysis
temperature (>700 °C) and long solid residence time (>23
min)
could enhance secondary reactions and decrease the yield of bio-oil.
The maximum yield of bio-oil of 16.69% was achieved at reaction temperature
of 700 °C and solid residence time of 23 min. The FTIR and GC-MS
analyses of the bio-oil obtained at optimum condition indicated that
it contained large amounts of phenols and esters. H2 and
CO2 were the main components of pyrolysis gas, with a total
amount that exceeded 52.18%. The characteristics of the char, including
elemental composition, functional groups, and combustion property
were investigated by XRF, FTIR, and TG. FTIR analysis of the char
showed that the main functional groups are M–X, C–O,
and C–H. The volatile content in the char decreased with an
increase of pyrolysis temperature, while it increased with an increase
of solid residence time. Heavy metals distribution in pyrolysis products
of dried sewage sludge were investigated by inductively coupled plasma
atomic emission spectroscopy. The results showed that most of the
heavy metals remained in char. In addition, the potential ecological
risk assessment of heavy metals was assessed.
This paper studies the non-uniform air-gap caused by stator and rotor deformations, together with its effects on the spatial and temporal spectrum of the radial magnetic force density in an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). According to the mathematical model of the deformed air-gap length, the superposition method is adopted to derive the air-gap permeance. Then, the formulas of the magnetic flux field and radial force density of the IPMSM considering air-gap deformation are obtained. Considering the stator oval deformation and the rotor centrifugal distortion in the electromagnetic finite element models (FEMs), the finite element analysis (FEA) and experiments of the investigated IPMSM are carried out to verify the results obtained by the theoretical analysis at different operations. Finally, the mathematical correlation between air-gap deformation and electromagnetic vibration is obtained. The result is helpful in solving problems of mutual influence between electromagnetic and mechanical characteristics during the optimization design of IPMSM.
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