The frequency of poor metabolizers of debrisoquin was low and similar in four different native Chinese nationalities. In a total sample of 695 Chinese subjects, only seven (1.01%) had a urinary ratio between debrisoquin and 4-hydroxydebrisoquin greater than 12.6, which is the antimode between poor metabolizers and extensive metabolizers in white populations. This is significantly lower than the 6.82% found in 1011 white Swedish healthy subjects (p less than 0.0001). Admixture analysis indicated the occurrence of two distributions within extensive metabolizers among both Chinese and white subjects. The mean of the distribution of metabolic ratios among Chinese extensive metabolizers was shifted toward higher values compared with Swedish extensive metabolizers (p less than 0.01). The frequency of poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin was higher in 137 Chinese (14.6%) than in 488 Swedish (3.3%) subjects (p less than 0.0001). Our findings imply that drugs metabolized by these two polymorphic hydroxylases should be prescribed in different dosages to Chinese and white subjects.

Se-doped Mg 3.2 Sb 1.5 Bi 0.5 -based thermoelectric materials are revisited in this study. An increased ZT value ≈1.4 at about 723 K is obtained in Mg 3.2 Sb 1.5 Bi 0.49 Se 0.01 with optimized carrier concentration ≈1.9 × 10 19 cm −3 . Based on this composition, Co and Mn are incorporated for the manipulation of the carrier scattering mechanism, which are beneficial to the dramatically enhanced electrical conductivity and power factor around room temperature range. Combined with the lowered lattice thermal conductivity due to the introduction of effective phonon scattering centers in Se&Mn-codoped sample, a highest room temperature ZT value ≈0.63 and a peak ZT value ≈1.70 at 623 K are achieved for Mg 3.15 Mn 0.05 Sb 1.5 Bi 0.49 Se 0.01 , leading to a high average ZT ≈1.33 from 323 to 673 K. In particular, a remarkable average ZT ≈1.18 between the temperature of 323 and 523 K is achieved, suggesting the competitive substitution for the commercialized n-type Bi 2 Te 3 -based thermoelectric materials.The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201906143. helps to promote the utilization of energy for the sustainable development. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The conversion efficiency of TE materials is determined by the dimensionless figureof-merit ZT = σS 2 T/κ, where σ is the electrical conductivity, S is the Seebeck coefficient, T is the absolute temperature, and κ is the thermal conductivity. High TE performance needs high electrical conductivity, high Seebeck coefficient, and low thermal conductivity. However, it is hard to independently optimize them because they are interconnected. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Zintl compounds have complex crystal structure desired for high TE performance. [15,16] The anions provide the "electron-crystal" structure through the covalent bonding network, and Zintl cations play the role of the "phonon scattering center" for extremely low lattice thermal conductivity. [5,[17][18][19] Most of Zintl phases are intrinsically p-type and difficult to be doped to n-type semiconductors. While Mg 3 Sb 2 -based Zintl-phase materials show outstanding n-type TE performance by chalcogens or rare earth doping. [20][21][22] The maximum peak ZT value of Te-doped Mg 3+δ Sb 1.5 Bi 0.5 is higher than ≈1.5 at 723 K. [21][22][23][24][25][26] Especially, a prominent average ZT value has recently been obtained at around room temperature range, which is close to that of the commercialized Bi 2 Te 3 -based TE material. Considering the scarcity of Te, Mg 3 Sb 2 -based materials are more promising for large-scale applications. The high performance at lower temperature is considered the results of the enhanced carrier mobility, which is ascribed to the Sb/Bi alloying for band structure tailoring [27][28][29] and transition metal doping (Nb, Ta, Co, Mn, Hf, etc.) or grain size increment for scattering mechanism manipulation. [24,25,[30][31][32][33][34] The average ZT ≈ 1.05 was obtained for Mn&Te-codoped Mg 3+δ Sb 1.5 Bi 0.5[35] and ≈1.08 was obt...

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We investigated the moisture origin and contribution of different water sources to surface runoff entering the headwaters of the Heihe River basin on the basis of NECP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for AtmosphericResearch) re-analysis data and variations in the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios (δ D and δ

The regulation of the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) in eukaryotic cells is critical for gene expression, and occurs principally at the initiation phase which is mainly regulated by eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs). eIFs are fundamental for the translation of mRNA and as such act as the primary targets of several signaling pathways to regulate gene expression. Mis-regulated mRNA expression is a common feature of tumorigenesis and the abnormal activity of eIF complexes triggered by upstream signaling pathways is detected in many tumors, leading to the selective translation of mRNA encoding proteins involved in tumorigenesis, metastasis, or resistance to anti-cancer drugs, and making eIFs a promising therapeutic target for various types of cancers. Here, we briefly outline our current understanding of the biology of eIFs, mainly focusing on the effects of several signaling pathways upon their functions and discuss their contributions to the initiation and progression of tumor growth. An overview of the progress in developing agents targeting the components of translation machinery for cancer treatment is also provided.

The separate universe technique provides a means of establishing consistency relations between short wavelength observables and the long wavelength matter density fluctuations within which they evolve by absorbing the latter into the cosmological background. We extend it to cases where nongravitational forces introduce a Jeans scale in other species like dynamical dark energy or massive neutrinos. The technique matches the synchronous gauge matter density fluctuations to the local expansion using the acceleration equation and accounts for the temporal nonlocality and scale dependence of the long wavelength response of small scale matter observables, e.g. the nonlinear power spectrum, halo abundance and the implied halo bias, and N -point correlation functions. Above the Jeans scale, the local Friedmann equation relates the expansion to real energy densities and a curvature that is constant in comoving coordinates. Below the Jeans scale, the curvature evolves and acts like a fake density component. In all cases, the matter evolution on small scales is correctly modeled as we illustrate using scalar field dark energy with adiabatic or isocurvature initial conditions across the Jeans scale set by its finite sound speed.

Abstract:We used hydrochemistry and environmental isotope data (υ 18 O, υD, tritium, and 14 C) to investigate the characteristics of river water, groundwater, and groundwater recharge in China's Heihe River basin. The river water and groundwater could be characterized as Ca 2C -Mg 2C -HCO 3 -SO 4 2 and Na C -Mg 2C -SO 4 2 -Cl types, respectively. Hydrogeochemical modelling using PHREEQC software revealed that the main hydrogeochemical processes are dissolution (except for gypsum and anhydrite) along groundwater flow paths from the upper to middle Heihe reaches. Towards the lower reaches, dolomite and calcite tend to precipitate. The isotopic data for most of the river water and groundwater lie on the global meteoric water line (GMWL) or between the GMWL and the meteoric water line in northwestern China, indicating weak evaporation. No direct relationship existed between recharge and discharge of groundwater in the middle and lower reaches based on the isotope ratios, d-excess, and 14 C values. On the basis of tritium in precipitation and by adopting an exponential piston-flow model, we evaluated the mean residence time of shallow groundwater with high tritium activities, which was around 50 years (a). Furthermore, based on the several popular models, it is calculated that the deep groundwaters in piedmont alluvial fan zone of the middle reaches and in southern part of the lower reaches are modern water, whereas the deep groundwaters in the edge of the middle reaches and around Juyan Lake in the lower reaches of Heihe river basin are old water.