Inlaid multi-wall carbon nanotubes modified graphite electrode (MWCNTs-GE) was fabricated, combined with Reline Ionic Liquids which possess high conductivity and wide electrochemical window, the electrochemical behavior and determination of Rutin was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse stripping voltammetry. The result shows that the oxidation peak current of rutin increased obviously at the inlaid multi-wall carbon nanotubes modified graphite lectrode and in the Reline Ionic Liquids compared to that at the bare graphiteelectrode (GE). In phosphate buffer solution (pH=6.3), one pair of redox peak of rutin was obtained by cyclic voltammetry with 0.32 V of Epaand 0.24 V of Epc. The oxidation peak current value was linearly related to the concentration of rutin in the range of 2×10-6~3×10-5mol·L-1and the detection limit was 9.4×10-7mol·L-1. The average RSD of rutin was 4.0%. The average recovery was 100.2%. The inlaid multi-wall carbon nanotubes modified graphite electrode and the Reline Ionic Liquids had the function of electrocatalysis to oxidation of rutin obviously.This method is reliable, fast and convenient, sensitive and can be used for the determination of the content of rutin.
Wide area protection is the system protection against the electric power system wide area disturbance based on the modern measurement and communication technology. The three-level structure is a good structure for Wide Area Protection System (WAPS), but it relies on high-performance communication system. The purpose of this paper is to design a suitable communication network for the three-level WAPS. By analyzing the communication needs of the WAPS, the authors divide messages need to be transmitted into several sorts, and determine the demands of various messages for communication system. Based on that, the optical fiber is selected as the communication medium, and the broadband integrated service digital network based on SDH/SONET and ATM is selected as the network type. A network topology of mixed ring-star is designed. The network makes full use of the IEC 61850 based LAN in substation and power plant. Then, the protocol sets for the key message transmissions are determined. Finally, the transmissions of key messages are simulated using OPNET modeler. The simulation result satisfies the real-time and reliability demands even under the worst situation, which confirms the effectiveness of the communication system. ).Yan li is with the School of physics and electric engineering, Yunnan Nationalities University. Kunming, Yunnan 650031 China. which means that the operator has to face very complex situation and make decision depending upon experience and policy. The traditional relay protection can act quickly, but gaining only local information, it can only used to protect equipments.So, the traditional protection system and security control system can not meet the requests of security and stability of nowadays power system. On the other hand, the development of wide area measurement technology, computer and communication technology has provided possibility for developing more consummate protection and control system. Under this situation, wide area protection (WAP) technology was brought forth.However, WAPS has not a uniform definition because different scholar defines WAPS differently. In this paper, we define WAPS as an electric power system protection system. It gains multi-location information of power system using wide area measurement and communication technology. By data analyzing, it can recognize the disturbance that can cause serious consequence in power system, then it estimates the state of the power system undergoing the disturbance. Then it take a series of scheduled actions, and keeps collecting feedback information in the course of actions to adjust the subsequent actions until eliminating or mitigate the consequence of disturbance.WAPS can have two kinds of structures: distributed and centralized [1]. The centralized structure WAPS is the developing trend of WAPS for its powerful function. The three-level structure is a reasonable and realizable structure for centralized WAPS.Lots of scholars have done researches on WAP, but most of them aimed at its functions, principles, and applications [2][3]...
Two-stage access network structure is widely used in fixed and mobile access networks such as HFC (Hybrid Fibre/Coaxial) and BSS (Base Station System).In this paper, we introduce a new two-stage access scheme that employs random access and centralized polling methods corresponding to the two stages respectively. The new scheme's MAC (Medium Access Control) protocol procedure is presented based on DOCSIS standard. The performance of the mechanism in terms of access delay and throughput is evaluated and analyzed using computer simulating experiments. The results show the new access mechanism is efficient.
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