We report the existence and stability of gap solitons in parity-time (PT) complex periodic optical lattices with the real part of superlattices. These solitons can stably exist in the semi-infinite gap. We have studied the effects of different relative strengths of the superlattices and different amplitudes of the imaginary part on soliton propagation. It was found that the relative strength of the superlattices and the amplitude of the imaginary part significantly affect the PT symmetry and the stability of solitons in the PT complex periodic optical lattices.
Cu<sub>2</sub>SnSe<sub>4</sub> compound, as a non-toxic inexpensive thermoelectric material, has low thermal conductivity and adjustable conductivity, which promises to have a high-efficiency thermoelectric application in a medium-temperature range. The Cu-doped bulk samples of Cu<sub>2+</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>SnSe<sub>4 </sub>(0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 1) compounds are synthesized by a fast method, i.e. by combining high energy ball milling with spark plasma sintering. In this work, the thermoelectric properties of Cu-doped Cu<sub>2</sub>SnSe<sub>4</sub> compound are investigated. The experimental results reveal that the intrinsic vacancy at Cu/Sn site of Cu<sub>2</sub>SnSe<sub>4</sub> can be completely filled by Cu (i.e. <i>x</i> = 1 in Cu<sub>2+</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>SnSe<sub>4</sub>). The crystal structures of all Cu<sub>2+</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>SnSe<sub>4</sub> samples have the same space group <i>F</i>3<i>m</i> as that of the undoped Cu<sub>2</sub>SnSe<sub>4</sub>. The electrical conductivity of Cu<sub>2+</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>SnSe<sub>4</sub> increases rapidly with the content of Cu doped at intrinsic vacancy increasing, concretely, it increases by two orders of magnitude and reaches a maximum value at <i>x</i> = 0.8. The increase in electrical conductivity results in the significant improvement in power factor. The observed results display that the increase in electrical conductivity is a nonlinear relationship with Cu-doping content in a range of 0 < <i>x</i> < 0.1, but is linearly related to the Cu-doping content in a range of 0.1 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 0.8. Meanwhile, the carrier (hole) concentration is observed to reach a maximum value at <i>x</i> = 0.2 and then slightly decreases at <i>x</i> = 0.8. The rapid increase in electrical conductivity with Cu-doping content increasing may be attributed to the intensifying of Cu-Se bond network that plays a dominant role in controlling hole transport in Cu<sub>2</sub>SnSe<sub>4</sub>. The carrier mobility also increases with the Cu-doping content increasing in the range of 0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 0.8, which is in contrast to the common scenarios in thermoelectric materials that the carrier mobility decreases with the increase in the carrier concentration. Furthermore, the carrier transport mechanism of Cu<sub>2+</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>SnSe<sub>4</sub> sample is revealed to be able to be described by the small polaron hopping model, which means the strong coupling between electron and phonon. The analysis of thermal conductivities of the Cu<sub>2+</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>SnSe<sub>4</sub> samples reveals that the relationship between the electronic thermal conductivity and the electrical conductivity cannot be described by the classical Wiedemanmn-Franz law, which may be attributed to the formation of electron-phonon coupled small polaron. Therefore, the coupling between electron and phonon inside the Cu<sub>2+</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>SnSe<sub>4</sub> structure strongly influences the behaviors of carrier transmission and thermal conductivity.
We report the existence and stability of solitons in kagome optical lattices with a defect in photorefractive crystal under focusing saturable nonlinearity. For different types of defects, solitons will exist in different gaps. For a positive defect, the solitons only exist in the semi-infinite gap and only stably exist in the low power region. For a negative defect, the solitons exist both in the semi-infinite gap and the first gap. With an increasing of the negative defect depth, the stable region in the semi-infinite will be narrowed, while solitons will be firstly unstable in the high power region of the first gap, and finally solitons will be not stable in the whole first gap.
ObjectiveTo investigate the expression and clinicopathological significance of the oestrogen receptor (ER) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodsER expression was examined by immunohistochemical staining of tumour tissue and adjacent normal lung tissue from 67 NSCLC patients. The relationships between ER expression and clinicopathological features were analysed.ResultsA higher percentage of NSCLC tissues (28/67, 41.79%) than adjacent normal lung tissues (10/55, 18.18%) were ER positive. ER expression correlated with tumour differentiation but not with gender, age, tumour histological type, tumour size, lymph node metastasis, or clinical TNM staging. The median survival times of patients with ER-positive (n = 28) and -negative (n = 39) tumours were 36 and 27 months, respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were higher for patients with ER-positive tumours than for patients with ER-negative tumours.ConclusionER expression could be a useful prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for patients with NSCLC.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.