Microsatellite markers, also known as short tandem repeats (STRs), are important for marker-assisted selection to detect genetic polymorphism, and they are uniformly distributed in eukaryotic genomes. To analyze the relationship between microsatellite loci and lactation traits of Holstein cows in Xinjiang, 175 lactating cows with similar birth dates, the same parity, and similar calving dates were selected, and 10 STR loci closely linked to quantitative trait loci were used to analyze the correlation between each STR locus and 4 lactation traits (daily milk yield, milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage, and lactose percentage). All loci showed different degrees of genetic polymorphism. The average values of observed alleles, effective alleles, expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content of the 10 STR loci were 10, 3.11, 0.62, 0.64, and 0.58, respectively. Chi-square and G-square tests showed that all populations of loci were in accordance with the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Analysis of the correlation between STR locus genotype and lactation performance in the whole lactation period showed 3 loci (namely, BM143, BM415, and BP7) with no significant correlation with all lactation traits, 2 loci (BM302 and UWCA9) related to milk yield, 3 loci (BM103, BM302, and BM6425) related to milk fat percentage, 2 loci (BM302 and BM6425) related to milk protein percentage, and 3 loci (BM1443, BM302, and BMS1943) related to lactose percentage. The microsatellite loci selected in this study showed rich polymorphism in the experimental dairy cow population and were related to the lactation traits, which can be used for the evaluation of genetic resources and early breeding and improvement of Holstein dairy cows in Xinjiang.
Background Among Chinese HIV-infected patients we assessed the impact of different KIR-HLA combinations on the viral set point levels, CD4/CD8 ratios and plasma soluble CD14, all of which are risk factors for the prognosis of HIV patients. Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients who were treatment naive, and processed according to the study design. Participants were selected according to the inclusive criteria and their clinical data and other demographic information were recorded. The genomic DNA of the host was extracted from the whole blood samples, and the KIR genotyping was performed by sequence specific primer amplification (PCR-SSP); the HLA genotyping was performed by sequence analysis (PCR-SBT); and the HLA-KIR genotyping and combination information were obtained. Results In China, the distribution of KIR genotypes in HIV patients was similar to that of KIR genotypes in people without HIV infection; the baseline HIV level in patients with HLA-C1+/KIR2DL3+ background was significantly higher than that of HLA-C1+/KIR2DL3-(4.34 log10 copies/ml v.s 3.72 log10 copies/ml, P=0.02); the baseline CD4/CD8 ratio of HLA-C1+/KIR2DL3+ was significantly lower than that of HLA-C1+/KIR2DL3-(0.33 v.s 0.56, P=0.02). The plasma soluble CD14 level at baseline was significantly lower in HLA-C1+/KIR2DL3- infected persons than that of HLA-C1+/KIR2DL3+ (P=0.03). Conclusions NK cells may affect the viral set point and host immune status in HIV-infected patients through the combination of KIR molecules and their corresponding ligand HLA, thus affecting the prognosis of HIV infection.
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