Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a powder bed layer-by-layer fusion technique mainly applied for additive manufacturing of 3D metallic components of complex geometry. However, the technology is currently limited to printing a single material across each layer. In many applications such as the manufacture of certain aero engine components, conformably cooled dies, medical implants and functional gradient structures, printing of multiple materials are desirable. This paper reports an investigation into the 3D printing of multiple metallic materials including 316L stainless steel, In718 nickel alloy and Cu10Sn copper alloy within a single build-up process using a specially designed multiple material SLM system combining powder-bed with point by point powder dispensing and selective material removal, for the first time. Material delivery system design, multiple material interactions, and component characteristics are described and the associated mechanisms are discussed. 3D printing, selective laser melting, multiple materials 2. Experimental materials and procedure 2.1. Materials Gas atomized spherical 316L stainless steel powder (LPW-718-AACF, 10-45 µm, LPW Technology Ltd., UK), In718 nickel alloy powder (LPW-316-AAHH, 10-45 µm LPW Technology Ltd., UK), Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect CIRP Annals Manufacturing Technology
The concept of face, or mianzi, is quite important in Chinese culture. We examine how public face and private thrift together affect Chinese consumer shopping behaviour based on the results of a survey of nearly 400 Chinese consumers under the age of 40. When a product is used in public or the behaviour occurs in a public place, Chinese consumers are typically willing to spend more money than if a product or service is used in a private place or at home. In addition, non-Chinese or Western brands do not mean more 'face' to Chinese consumers. Instead, it is the expense of the item that matters most with the ultimate goal of being praised by others.
ObjectiveTo compare exposure to and use of certain cigarette and vaping product marketing among adult smokers and vapers in four countries with contrasting regulations—Australia (AU), Canada, England and the USA.Data sourcesAdult smokers and vapers (n=12 294) from the 2016 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey (4CV1).AnalysisSelf-reported exposure to cigarette and vaping product advertising through point-of-sale, websites/social media, emails/texts, as well as exposure to and use of price offers were assessed for country differences using logistic regression models adjusted for multiple covariates.ResultsReported exposure to cigarette advertising exposure at point-of-sale was higher in the USA (52.1%) than in AU, Canada and England (10.5%–18.5%). Exposure to cigarette advertising on websites/social media and emails/texts was low overall (1.5%–10.4%). Reported exposure to vaping ads at point-of-sale was higher in England (49.3%) and USA (45.9%) than in Canada (32.5%), but vaping ad exposure on websites/social media in Canada (15.1%) was similar with England (18.4%) and the USA (12.1%). Exposure to vaping ads via emails/texts was low overall (3.1%–9.9%). Exposure to, and use of, cigarette price offers was highest in the USA (34.0 % and 17.8 %, respectively), but the use rate among those exposed was highest in AU (64.9%). Exposure to, and use of, price offers for vaping products was higher in the USA (42.3 % and 21.7 %) than in AU, Canada and England (25.9%–31.5 % and 7.4%–10.3 %).ConclusionsPatterns of cigarette and vaping product marketing exposure generally reflected country-specific policies, except for online vaping ads. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
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