Organic−inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells are on the brink of a breakthrough in photovoltaic technology. Scale-up and large-area processing have become the focal points that must be resolved before commercialization. In this study, the scalable ultrasonic spray deposition method for high-throughput coating of the perovskite photoactive layer with a large active area of up to 3 cm 2 is implemented by precisely controlling the concentration of the precursor solution and spray passes. CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 films with large crystallites and a suitable thickness of ∼350 nm are facilely developed through one-step direct ultrasonic spraying. Less hysteresis and highly reproducible power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 12.30% (11.43 ± 0.43% on average for 20 devices) are achieved by an optimized singlejunction device with an active area of 1 cm 2 , along with good ambient stability. The device retained ∼80 and ∼65% of the initial PCE after 60 and 105 days in ambient, respectively. The ultrasonic spray-coated perovskite solar cells can be further scaled to larger areas of 2 and 3 cm 2 and exhibit PCEs of 10.18 and 7.01%, respectively. The reliable scale-up process for manufacturing the atmospheric wet-coated perovskite film is available in cost-effective and easily operated bench-top variants to bridge the interconnection between applied research and industry.
A solar absorber composed of mixed cation perovskite films containing methylammonium (MA) and formamidinium (FA) lead triiodide (MA1–x FA x PbI3) was prepared by continuous ultrasonic spray-coating. This process combined features of substitutional modifications in perovskites and simple yet versatile processing to realize scalable fabrication. Herein, simultaneous growth from a precursor solution with controlled MA/FA stoichiometry in the inverted perovskite solar cells based on MA1–x FA x PbI3 was systematically investigated to link the thin film quality, optical properties, and crystal structures with photovoltaic performance. The result of the inherent advantages of increased photoabsorption, better film quality, and enhanced crystallinity, the perovskite solar cell composed of the MA0.75FA0.25PbI3 (x = 0.25) perovskite achieved an optimum power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 15.61% and an average PCE of 15.15 ± 0.45%. In particular, the spray-deposited MA0.75FA0.25PbI3 unencapsulated cells exhibited almost no hysteresis in the current density–voltage (J–V) curve and excellent long-term stability under ambient conditions (25 °C, 30–40% relative humidity). These results highlight the importance of choosing a suitable mixed cation perovskite composition and scalable spraying technique for high-throughput manufacturing of perovskite solar cells to prolong device lifetime and achieve good reproducibility.
The sequential deposition of a NiOx hole‐transporting layer, one‐step CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite absorber, and blended electron‐transporting layer that comprises [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and PNDI(2OD)T2 via automated ultrasonic spray‐coating technique is demonstrated in air for planar inverted p–i–n solution‐processed perovskite solar cells. Films fabricated via laboratory‐sale spin‐coating and industrially compatible spray‐coating process, respectively, are compared with each other to optimize both the film‐coating quality and corresponding device performance. This is validated by the photovoltaic performance of prototype devices with three spray‐coated layers with the active area of 1 × 1 cm2. The champion cells achieve a power conversion efficiency of 10.09%, which is one of the highest efficiencies obtained from fully spray‐processed large‐area perovskite solar cells thus far. Furthermore, these results reinforce the feasibility of the spray‐coating methodology for the fabrication of multilayers within perovskite solar cells stack and low‐cost route toward upscaling the manufacturing alternatives to spin coating.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.