Yolk sac tumor (YST), which most frequently arises in the gonads as a type of germ cell tumor, is rare in children but is highly malignant. It has been suggested that alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) can be applied as a feasible tumor marker because its level was elevated in >90% of YST. The treatment generally involves debulking surgery of tumors followed by systemic chemotherapy. Metastasis process of YST in children is different from that in adults and thus the treatment option is required. In this study, we described a rare case of YST in terms of the clinical manifestation, imaging, and histopathology findings, diagnosis and treatment in an 8-year-old girl. Furthermore, it is important to investigate more thoroughly a patient with history of intermittent abdominal pain and fever with previously multiple accesses, because these might be the critical signs for YST that should be alarmed for early treatment. Although YST is rare in children, pediatric physicians should be aware of this and prompt treatment should be addressed.

A new multidisciplinary synthetic approach comprising polymer-support synthesis, microwave-assisted synthesis, and multicomponent condensation facilitates synthesis of triaza-fluorenes library with a set of advantages such as rapid process, simple purification, and structural diversity in one shot. Microwave-assisted multistep synthetic protocol was used to construct the benzimidazole ring on soluble polymer support using activated aryl-fluorides. The PEG anchored aryl fluoride was condensed with selective primary amines via an ipso-fluoro displacement reaction followed by reduction of nitro group. The subsequent cyclization with cyanogen bromide is used as a key step to furnish immobilized benzimidazoles. Finally multicomponent condensation of resulted polymer bound benzimidazoles with various aldehydes and 1,3-diones under microwave irradiations provides rapid access for triaza-fluorenes with high purity and excellent yields. Microwave irradiation greatly accelerates the rate of all reactions while polymer support facilitates purifications by simple precipitation technique. This strategy dramatically increases efficiency of overall multistep synthesis.

The synthesis of indoline substituted nitrobenzene on a PEG support and its further elaboration to structurally diverse benzene-fused pyrazino/diazepino indoles is disclosed. A reagent based diversification approach coupled with Pictet-Spengler type condensation reactions furnished these fused polycyclic scaffolds. Microwave irradiation was used as a means of rate acceleration for soluble polymer-supported reactions. The efficiency of these fused heterocyclic molecules to inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) was examined in vitro using kinase receptor activation enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (KIRA-ELISA). Based on the preliminary results obtained, a small set of potential drug candidates were identified as novel leads in this therapeutic area to be further explored as anti-metastatic agents.

An efficient microwave-assisted and soluble polymer-supported synthesis of medicinally important imidazole-fused benzimidazoles has been developed. The protocol involves the rapid condensation of polymer-bound amino benzimidazoles with various α-bromoketones and subsequent in situ intramolecular cyclization under microwave irradiation resulting in a one pot synthesis of imidazole interlacing benzimidazole polymer conjugates. The condensed product was obtained with excellent regioselectivity. The biologically interesting imidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazoles was released from polymer support at ambient temperature. Diversity in the triheterocyclic nucleus was achieved by the different substitutions at its 2, 3, and 9 positions. The new protocol has the advantages of short reaction time, easy workup process, excellent yields, reduced environmental impact, wide substrate scope and convenient procedure.

A concise synthesis of 2-(2-aminothiophene)benzimidazoles by one-pot multicomponent reaction3