To identify susceptibility loci for schizophrenia, we performed a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) of schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population (GWAS: 746 individuals with schizophrenia and 1,599 healthy controls; validation: 4,027 individuals with schizophrenia and 5,603 healthy controls). We identified two susceptibility loci for schizophrenia at 6p21-p22.1 (rs1233710 in an intron of ZKSCAN4, P(combined) = 4.76 × 10(-11), odds ratio (OR) = 0.79; rs1635 in an exon of NKAPL, P(combined) = 6.91 × 10(-12), OR = 0.78; rs2142731 in an intron of PGBD1, P(combined) = 5.14 × 10(-10), OR = 0.79) and 11p11.2 (rs11038167 near the 5' UTR of TSPAN18, P(combined) = 1.09 × 10(-11), OR = 1.29; rs11038172, P(combined) = 7.21 × 10(-10), OR = 1.25; rs835784, P(combined) = 2.73 × 10(-11), OR = 1.27). These results add to previous evidence of susceptibility loci for schizophrenia at 6p21-p22.1 in the Han Chinese population. We found that NKAPL and ZKSCAN4 were expressed in postnatal day 0 (P0) mouse brain. These findings may lead to new insights into the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

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The goal of this research was to measure Mn dissolution from a thin porous spinel LiMn 2 O 4 electrode by rotating ring-disk collection experiments. The amount of Mn dissolution from the spinel LiMn 2 O 4 electrode under various conditions was detected by potential step chronoamperometry. The concentration of dissolved Mn was found to increase with increasing cycle numbers and elevated temperature. The dissolved Mn was not dependent on disk rotation speed, which indicated that the Mn dissolution from the disk was under reaction control. The in situ monitoring of Mn dissolution from the spinel was carried out under various conditions. The ring currents exhibited maxima corresponding to the end-of-charge ͑EOC͒ and end-of-discharge ͑EOD͒, with the largest peak at EOC. The results suggest that the dissolution of Mn from spinel LiMn 2 O 4 occurs during charge/discharge cycling, especially in a charged state ͑at Ͼ4.1 V͒ and in a discharged state ͑at Ͻ3.1 V͒. The largest peak at EOC demonstrated that Mn dissolution took place mainly at the top of charge. At elevated temperatures, the ring cathodic currents were larger due to the increase of Mn dissolution rate. The rapid progress in development and widespread use of portable electronic devices have led to a great demand for portable, lightweight power sources. Lithium-ion technology has met these requirements, and has been used commercially for over ten years because it offers high energy and power density, high voltage, longlife, and reliability. The performance of lithium-ion batteries is to a large degree determined by the cathode material. There have been many studies of the cathode materials during the last decade. Although LiCoO 2 has been widely used as the cathode material in the commercial lithium-ion batteries for many years, the lithium manganese oxide spinel LiMn 2 O 4 is a promising alternative cathode material in the future because of its high voltage, low cost, and environmental friendliness. These attractive characteristics make spinel LiMn 2 O 4 a good candidate for large-scale Li-ion batteries for electric vehicle ͑EV͒ and hybrid electric vehicle ͑HEV͒ applications.1 However, capacity fading during charge/discharge cycling is a problem for the spinel, particularly at elevated temperatures. Several factors have been proposed to contribute to the capacity fading such as ͑i͒ the electrochemical reaction with the electrolyte at high voltage, 2,3 (ii) manganese dissolution into the electrolyte due to acid attack and a disproportion reaction at the particle surfaceinstability of the two-phase structure in the charged state leading to the loss of MnO and dissolution of Mn to a more stable single-phase structure, 4,8,9 (iv) formation of tetragonal Li 2 Mn 2 O 4 on the surface of the spinel and the associated Jahn-Teller distortion at the end of discharge, especially under high current density, nonequilibrium conditions, 5,10,11 (v) formation of oxygen-deficient spinels, 12 (vi) cation mixing between the lithium and manganese sites in the spinel lattice, 13 an...

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