Good scales are required for assessment in clinical practice and the present paper shows how a relatively recently developed method for analysing Mokken scales can contribute to this. The two scales used as examples for analysis are highly clinically relevant.

This home-based caregiver training program is helpful for decreasing problematic behaviors of elder people with dementia and it improves the caregiver's self-efficacy for managing problematic behaviors.

The findings of this study can provide the basis to develop on-the-job training programmes for sexual education of residents with dementia in institutions. Regular seminars on sexual care for the residents with dementia might be beneficial for managing sexual issues among residents and to decrease caregivers' burden.

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Formal caregivers need to minimise the triggering of pain when they assist residents' daily activities and avoid unnecessary restraints, while offering personalised, conventional nursing care to residents with late-stage dementia.