Summary Human trisomies can alter cellular phenotypes and produce congenital abnormalities such as Down syndrome (DS). Here we have generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from DS fibroblasts and introduced a TKNEO transgene into one copy of chromosome 21 by gene targeting. When selecting against TKNEO, spontaneous chromosome loss was the most common cause for survival, with a frequency of ∼10−4, while point mutations, epigenetic silencing, and TKNEO deletions occurred at lower frequencies in this unbiased comparison of inactivating mutations. Mitotic recombination events resulting in extended loss of heterozygosity were not observed in DS iPSCs. The derived, disomic cells proliferated faster and produced more endothelia in vivo than their otherwise isogenic trisomic counterparts, but in vitro hematopoietic differentiation was not consistently altered. Our study describes a targeted removal of a human trisomy, which could prove useful in both clinical and research applications.

Two kinds of ordered ZnO/TiO2 heterostructures were fabricated via a facile approach. The architecture of the TiO2 substrate could be controlled by alternating the filling forms of the template, and the morphology of the secondary ZnO nanostructure could be further tuned by adjusting the parameters of the hydrothermal reaction. Then two different morphologies of ZnO/TiO2 heteroarchitectures with ZnO nanorods and nanoplates growing on TiO2 shells and bowls were successfully achieved, respectively.

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) has been successfully treated by hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transduction with retroviral vectors expressing the interleukin-2 receptor subunit gamma gene (IL2RG), but several patients developed malignancies due to vector integration near cellular oncogenes. This adverse side effect could in principle be avoided by accurate IL2RG gene editing with a vector that does not contain a functional promoter or IL2RG gene. Here, we show that adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene editing vectors can insert a partial Il2rg cDNA at the endogenous Il2rg locus in X-SCID murine bone marrow cells and that these ex vivo-edited cells repopulate transplant recipients and produce CD4 and CD8 T cells. Circulating, edited lymphocytes increased over time and appeared in secondary transplant recipients, demonstrating successful editing in long-term repopulating cells. Random vector integration events were nearly undetectable, and malignant transformation of the transplanted cells was not observed. Similar editing frequencies were observed in human hematopoietic cells. Our results demonstrate that therapeutically relevant HSC gene editing can be achieved by AAV vectors in the absence of site-specific nucleases and suggest that this may be a safe and effective therapy for hematopoietic diseases where in vivo selection can increase edited cell numbers.

To determine which genomic features promote homologous recombination, we created a genome-wide map of gene targeting sites. An adeno-associated virus vector was used to target identical loci introduced as transcriptionally active retroviral vector proviruses. A comparison of ~2,000 targeted and untargeted sites showed that targeting occurred throughout the human genome and was not influenced by the presence of nearby CpG islands, sequence repeats, or DNase I hypersensitive sites. Targeted sites were preferentially found within transcription units, especially when the target loci were transcribed in the opposite orientation to their surrounding chromosomal genes. The impact of DNA replication was determined by mapping replication forks, which revealed a preference for recombination at target loci transcribed towards an incoming fork. Our results constitute the first genome-wide screen of gene targeting in mammalian cells, and they demonstrate a strong recombinogenic effect of colliding polymerases.