Drawing from the working alliance literature, the authors constructed the Advisory Working Alliance Inventory (AWAI) to measure the graduate advising relationship from the student's perspective. Two hundred eighty-one counseling psychology doctoral students participated in the 1st study (79% response rate). Three factors (Rapport, Apprenticeship, and Identification-Individuation) were extracted by factor analysis. The AWAI showed very good internal consistency reliability. Scale validity was supported by positive correlations between the AWAI and measures of advisee research self-efficacy and attitudes toward research, as well as the perceived expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness of the advisor. Forty-one students participated in the 2nd study, in which the AWAI demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability over a 2-week interval. Implications of the advising working alliance are discussed for doctoral training and areas for future research are provided.

Sixteen 3rd-year counseling psychology doctoral students were interviewed about their relationships with their graduate advisors. Of those students, 10 were satisfied and 6 were unsatisfied with their advising relationships. Satisfied and unsatisfied students differed on several aspects of the advising relationship, including (a) the ability to choose their advisors, (b) the frequency of meetings with their advisors, (c) the benefits and costs associated with their advising relationships, and (d) how conflict was dealt with in the advising relationship. Furthermore, all of the satisfied students reported that their advising relationships became more positive over time, whereas many of the unsatisfied students reported that their advising relationships got worse (e.g., became more distant) over time.

The authors investigated the experiences related to becoming psychotherapists for 5 counseling psychology doctoral trainees in their first prepracticum course. Qualitative analyses of weekly journals indicated that trainees discussed challenges related to becoming psychotherapists (e.g., being selfcritical, having troubling reactions to clients, learning to use helping skills), gains made during the semester related to becoming psychotherapists (e.g., using helping skills more effectively, becoming less self-critical, being able to connect with clients), as well as experiences in supervision and activities that helped them cope with their anxieties. Results are discussed in 5 broad areas: feelings about self in role of psychotherapist, awareness of reactions to clients, learning and using helping skills, reactions to supervision, and experiences that fostered growth. Implications for training and research are provided.

The author discusses the concept of privilege in terms of the benefits enjoyed bywhites and men (P. Mclntosh, 1998).This article presents a new theoretical perspective focusing on religious privilege and includes a list of privileges that are enjoyed by members of the dominant religious group (i.e., Christians) in the United States.El autor discute el concept0 del privilegio en cuanto a 10s beneficios que disfrutan 10s Blancos y 10s hombres (I? Mclntosh, 1998). Este articulo presenta una nueva perspectiva teoretica que enfoca al privilegio religioso e incluye una lista de privilegios que disfrutan miembros del grupo religioso dominante de 10s Estados Unidos, 10s cristianos.Jesus blessed me with his future, and I'llprotect it withjre.-Rage Against the Machine urrently, diversity issues are prominent in the United States; however, when most people are talking about issues of diversity, they are really C talking about racial issues. It is fairly rare to engage in a discussion of diversity issues in which other salient factors (e.g., religion, sexual orientation, age, ability status) are the focus. For example, the overwhelming focus of multicultural counseling theory (

Twelve adult clients described the role of religion and spirituality in their lives and in therapy as a whole, as well as their specific experiences of discussing religious-spiritual topics in individual outpatient psychotherapy with nonreligiously affiliated therapists. Data were analyzed using Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR; Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997). Results indicated that clients were regularly involved in religious-spiritual activities, usually did not know the religious-spiritual orientation of their therapists, but often found them open to such discussions. Specific helpful discussions of NOT THE PUBLISHED VERSION; this is the author's final, peer-reviewed manuscript. The published version may be accessed by following the link in the citation at the bottom of the page.Psychotherapy Research, Vol. 15, No. 3 (July 2005): pg. 287-303. DOI. This article is © Taylor & Francis (Routledge) and permission has been granted for this version to appear in e-Publications@Marquette. Taylor & Francis (Routledge) does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from Taylor & Francis (Routledge).2 religion-spirituality were often begun by clients in the 1st year of therapy, were related to clients' presenting concerns, were facilitated by therapists' openness, and yielded positive effects. Specific unhelpful discussions were raised equally by clients and therapists early in therapy, made clients feel judged, and evoked negative effects. Implications for practice and research are addressed.Outpatient psychotherapy clients report a desire to discuss religious or spiritual topics in their therapy, and many also indicate that religion and spirituality are of central importance to their healing and growth (Rose, Westefeld, & Ansley, 2001). Given the profession's historical ambivalence toward matters of religion and spirituality, however, much remains to be learned regarding how these conversations may be rendered beneficial to clients. Such is the focus of the current study.We begin with some definitions, about which we acknowledge that full agreement has not been reached (Pargament, 1999). Religion, from the Latin religare, meaning ''to bind together or to express concern' ' (Fukuyama & Sevig, 1999), has been defined as an organizing system of faith, worship, rituals, and tradition (Worthington, 1988, as cited in Fukuyama & Sevig, 1999. Religion may thus offer structure and community to one's personal sense of spiritual connection. In contrast, spirituality, from the Latin spiritus, meaning ''breath, courage, vigor, or life'' (Ingersoll, 1994), is a phenomenon unique to the individual and has been defined as the ''breath'' that animates life or a sense of connection to oneself, others, and that which is beyond self and others (e.g., the transcendent, God 1 , universal energy, love). Although spirituality is an individual construct, denoting a personal relationship with the transcendent, religion is a social construct bespeaki...

Nineteen counseling psychology faculty members were interviewed regarding their advising relationships with doctoral students. Advisors informally learned to advise from their experiences with their advisor and their advisees and defined their role as supporting and advocating for advisees as they navigated their doctoral program. Advisors identified personal satisfaction as a benefit and time demands as a cost of advising. Good advising relationships were facilitated by advisees' positive personal or professional characteristics, mutual respect, open communication, similarity in career path between advisor and advisee, and lack of conflict. Difficult relationships were affected by advisees' negative personal or professional characteristics, lack of respect, research struggles, communication problems, advisors feeling ineffective working with advisees, disruption or rupture of the relationship, and conflict avoidance. Implications for research and training are discussed.

This study examined the relations between client attachment to the therapist and therapist perceptions of transference, as well as between client attachment and recollections of parental caregiving. Participants were 51 client-therapist pairs in ongoing therapy. After a therapy session, clients completed a measure of their attachment to their therapists and a measure of their perceptions of parental caregiving during childhood. Therapists rated levels of positive and negative, and amount of, client transference. Both secure and preoccupied-merger attachment were positively related to both negative transference and amount of transference. Level of avoidant-fearful attachment was not correlated with any type of transference. Insecure attachment to the therapist was associated with more negative recollections of parental caregiving.

The authors present the results from a study investigating advisor-advisee relationships in counseling psychology doctoral training. Participants were 47 advisor-advisee dyads who were currently working together in an advising relationship. The results indicated that advisors and advisees exhibited significant agreement in their assessments of their advisory working alliance, the smoothness of their recent interactions, and the advisee's research competence. Alliance ratings were also associated with several relevant training variables. Neither science nor practice interest similarity between advisor and advisee was related to the quality of the advising relationship. Implications of the advisor-advisee working alliance for doctoral training are discussed, and suggestions for future research are provided.