Due to the biotechnological value of whey, this work aims at applying the ultrafiltration (UF) and subsequently the electrodialysis (ED) techniques in pilot scale plant. Whey (5% concentration) was treated twice by the UF technique, with a pressure of 4 bar (flow mode 20 L h-1). The permeate obtained was submitted to the ED process, in which 12 V were applied for 4 h. In order to evaluate the UF, parameters as turbidity, color, TOC and pH were measured. Regarding the ED technique, parameters as pH, conductivity, calcium, sodium and lactic acid concentration were evaluated. The electrodialysis unit was operated on a constant voltage, and tested the range was from 3 to 12 V. After the UF and ED processes, the pH remained unchanged. Thereafter the UF treatment, the initial turbidity was reduced by 99.9%. In terms of parameter reduction after ED, the calcium concentration was decreased in 36.0% soon after UF and ED treatments, and the lactic acid concentration in 80.0%. These results point to the possible combination of UF and ED to treat the whey and signals the potential of further using the resulting solutions as inputs in new applications in the food industry such as lactose.
Recebido em 13/06/2019; aceito em 01/11/2019; publicado na web em 16/01/2020 PHOTOELECTROCATALYTIC CONVERSION OF CO 2 AND BIOGAS INTO PRODUCTS OF ENERGY INTEREST USING Ti/TiO 2 NANOSTRUCTURED SEMICONDUCTORS MODIFIED WITH COPPER. This work describes the superficial modification of Ti/TiO 2 nanotubes by copper oxide electrochemical deposition, in different temperatures (25 and 65 ºC), and its application on the photoelectrocatalytic conversion of CO 2 and biogas in products of energy interest. The different temperatures deposition resulted in the formation of different geometric forms on the surface of Ti/TiO 2 nanotubes and in different photoelectrocatalytic activities.The photoelectrocatalytic conversion in 0.1 mol L -1 Na 2 SO 4 with application of -0.1 V and UV irradiation resulted in the formation of acetone and methanol from CO 2 and acetone and ethanol from biogas, being that the acetone production was higher for the semiconductor synthesized at 65 ºC, while the methanol and ethanol production was higher for the semiconductor at 25 ºC. The different characteristics observed, as well as the preferential formation of different products of photoelectrocatalytic reactions for semiconductors synthesized with different electrochemical deposition temperatures are discussed. Keywords: photoelectrocatalysis; conversion of CO 2 and biogas; modification of Ti/TiO 2 nanotubes; copper oxide.
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