This study approaches the social and cultural profile concerning risk for HIV infection in women, describing some epidemiological variables and disclosing reports of risk situations, the meaning of living with AIDS, and support received. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview 25 women from the University Hospital of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, prior to the availability of multi-drug treatment. The majority reported limited schooling, were housewives or engaged in under-skilled occupations, and had family incomes lower than average for users of this public teaching hospital. The view of AIDS as "someone else's disease" was prevalent, and STDs were perceived as male infections, although several women reported episodes of STDs prior to HIV. They had received their diagnosis and initial medical care only after their partners' and/or children's illness or death. The study points to preventive strategies reinforcing these silent women's bargaining power, acting on men as potential active participants in reproductive health programs that incorporate STD/AIDS issues.
AgradecimentosSão Paulo city showed a rapid death rate decline to the group, up to 1970, as well as Rio de Janeiro city, up to 1980. The last city has always showed higher mortality rates. However, during the past decade a higher proportion of deaths happened in São Paulo, which means that their mortality slopes are closer.Young people mortality rates are not high when compared with other age groups, but they are not decreasing anymore. The rising tendency is caused by male mortality.Infectious diseases were responsable by the higher mortality during the first years studied, mainly up to 1950, in both ciites, and Rio de Janeiro has exhibited the higher leveis. Among the diseases of the group, tuberculosis was distinguished. After 1960, violent deaths increased and occupied the main position. Traffic acidents and homicide are the most important death causes. Besides them cardiovascular diseases, respiratory affections and latter on, in 1991, the endocrinologic and metabolic diseases group became to a prominent position, because of AIDS.Infectious diseases epidemics in the early years ofthe century, mainly to the young male, were replaced by violence and this transition showed a new mortality pattern which must be approached according to Its multiple implications. É no século XX do pós-guerra que a juventude passa a constituir um território próprio, paralelo ao mundo dos adultos, nas escolas, nas comunidades, nos bares, nas discotecas e nas praças. A juventude, com as características atuais, se põe a forjar uma "subcultura juvenil", demarcando com vestimentas próprias e distintas, com ritmos musicais e culturais diferenciados, a criticar e a reagir contra o estabelecido (Cordiolli, 1993) As formas e as conseqüências deste processo vão se manifestar diferentemente de acordo com os diversos contextos sociais nos quais estes grupos estão inseridos, ao longo de todo o século. No contexto atual de violência das grandes cidades das Américas e em particular doBrasil, aspectos culturais que atuam na construçào da personalidade do jovem, tais como, "a imagem do sujeito autodeterminado ", são elementos fundamentais na construção da pessoa masculina (Zaluar, 1990). Como cita a autora, "A posse de objetos tais como arma c fumo, o dinheiro no bolso, as roupas bonitas c a disposição para matar são como símbolo da masculinidade que se quer atingir nessa dificil passagem para o mundo dos adultos, que implica a atração exercida sobre as mulheres. Como num ritual de passagem perverso, a adesão a tais valores c a exibição do bom desempenho no seu uso marcam a saída da infância c aceitação no mundo adulto do crime".( Zaluar, 1990) O Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (Brasil, 1990) (OPAS, 1985).O termo adolescência se utiliza para denominar um processo primariamente biológico que transcende a área psicossocial e que constitue um período durante o qual se acelera o desenvolvimento cognitivo e a estruturação da personalidade. A juventude, por outro lado, é uma categoria fundamentalmente sociológica e se refere ao processo de prepa...
Estudou-se a mortalidade de jovens (15 a 24 anos) das cidades do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, no período de 1930 a 1991, para avaliação das mudanças no perfil baseado em causas de morte. Os resultados mostraram que São Paulo experimentou um declínio rápido das taxas até 1970, assim como o Rio de Janeiro, até 1980. A partir daí a tendência é crescente, determinada pela mortalidade masculina. O Rio de Janeiro apresentou índices mais elevados durante todo o período. Durante a última década, o percentual de aumento foi mais elevado em São Paulo, aproximando as taxas. As doenças infecciosas, especialmente as tuberculoses, foram responsáveis pela mortalidade elevada, principalmente até a década de 50. Após 1960 a transição se tornou evidente e as causas violentas passaram a ocupar a primeira posição, principalmente acidentes de trânsito e homicídios. Doenças cardiovasculares, respiratórias e, mais tarde, a AIDS, também se destacaram.
Although physicians general knowledge about stroke is good, they frequently do not perceive it as a critical disease requiring urgent hospital evaluation and care. The importance of a thorough cardiac evaluation following stroke and of the intimate relation between cardiac and cerebral ischemic disease is also unclear to this group. More hours of stroke teaching and practical training in stroke could possibly fill these gaps.
Poor knowledge and wrong attitudes towards stroke are frequent among individuals working in a Brazilian university hospital. Although these results are not necessarily applicable to the general population, they will certainly be useful for the development of educational programs on stroke.
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