The prevalence of low bone mineral density in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease is considerably high and independent risk factors associated with bone mineral density are corticosteroid cumulative dose in milligrams, height-for-age Z-score, and BMI Z-score.
First-degree relatives (FDRs) of 47 outpatients with celiac disease (CD) answered a questionnaire about symptoms related to CD and were investigated for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2, DQB1∗02 homozygosis, and DQ8 alleles. Genetically susceptible individuals were tested for antitransglutaminase antibody immunoglobulin A. Seropositive FDR underwent small bowel biopsies.
From 114 FDR, 74.5% (n = 85) were positive for DQ2, DQ8, or both haplotypes. Homozygosity of DQB1∗02 was found in 11.4% (n = 13) individuals. Three FDR were previously diagnosed with CD. Among the genetically susceptible individuals, 67.1% had at least 1 symptom related to CD. Seropositivity was 8/82 (9.8%), and 4/8 biopsies were compatible with CD. Therefore, the total number of FDR with CD was 6.1% (7/114), 95% confidence interval (1.71, 10.49). Three out of 7 FDR with CD were HLA DQB1∗02 homozygous. The odds of being CD is 5 times, 95% confidence interval (0.99, 26.23), greater for HLA DQ B1∗02 homozygous in FDR.
To evaluate the relationship between ABO blood group and thrombosis, we studied 127 patients taking oral anti-vitamin K drugs for thromboembolism prophylaxis and compared them with 700 voluntary blood donors. There were 68 patients with venous thrombosis (VT)—68 with deep vein thrombosis and 8 with pulmonary embolism—and 51 patients with arterial embolism (AE). There were 61 men and 66 women. Mean age at diagnosis was lower for all women, regardless of if they had VT or AE (43 years) than for men (55 years; Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.01). There was an imbalance between blood group A and O frequencies in patients with VT versus blood donors, with a higher frequency of blood group A or a lower frequency of blood group O, repre-sented by a high A/O ratio. A/O ratio for blood donors was 0.63; it was 1.50 for men (Fisher test, p = 0.028) and 1.44 for women (Fisher test, p = 0.010). Patients with AE showed the same discrepancy, but it was significant for women (A/O = 2.25; Fisher test, p = 0.026) and not for men (A/O = 0.86; Fisher test, p = 0.836), suggesting that men with AE might have other risk factors for thrombosis. These data are not conclusive about the causes of the association between ABO blood groups and thrombosis, and prospective studies are needed to verify whether blood typing could have a predictive value for prophylatic measures in clinical and surgical patients.
HLA-DQ genetics in children with celiac disease: a meta-analysis suggesting a two-step genetic screening procedure starting with HLA-DQ b chains. Pediatr Res 2018;83:564-72. 3. Poddighe D, Capittini C, Gaviglio I, et al. HLA-DQB1 Ã 02 allele in children with celiac disease: potential usefulness for screening strategies.
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