The objective of this work was to characterize the socioeconomic profile of cassava flour producers, in Vila de Igarapé-Açu, Capitão Poço, Pará, Brazil. The research involved qualiquantitative methods. To this end, 45 semi-structured questionnaires were applied to all producers of manioc flour in the Vila. The questions were asked in order to obtain information about the producers' socioeconomic profile, such as: place of birth, age, education level and sources of income. The majority of respondents, about 69%, are from the village and only 31% are from other nearby locations, mainly from the municipality of Ourém, to which the village had belonged a few years ago. Regarding the age of the interviewed producers, there was a variation between 18 and 86 years, which provides a range of 68 years. The level of education among producers is considered low, since the majority, corresponding to 73%, has not completed elementary school. About 64% earn their income entirely through the production of manioc flour. The community has the majority of Vila's natural flour producers, with a predominant age group between 41 and 50 years old. In addition, cassava flour production is the main source of income for most of the majority of respondents. Highlighted Conclusions1. Most producers are from the community itself. 2. The age range of producers is 68 years old. 3. The level of education is low. 4. Flour production is the main source of income for family farmers.
Buscou-se com a pesquisa realizar um levantamento de aspectos referentes à produção e produtividade da pimenta-do-reino cultivada por agricultores familiares do município de Capitão Poço, Pará, Brasil. Para levantamento das informações, aplicou-se um questionário semiestruturado a 50 produtores familiares que trabalham diretamente com a cultura no referido município. Pode-se observar que a maioria dos pipericultores (66%) obtém uma produtividade entre 0,1 a 5 toneladas de pimenta-do-reino, seguidos de 14% que alcançam acima de 10 até 20 toneladas. Quando questionados sobre quais fatores mais interferem na perda de produção, os agricultores relataram ser o estresse hídrico (40%) e a temperatura (32%). Cinquenta e seis por cento dos produtores afirmaram que, nos últimos cinco anos, o cultivo da pimenta manteve-se estável, mesmo com as grandes oscilações de preço no comércio dessa especiaria. Assim, é perceptível que a cultura da pimenta-do-reino tem grande potencial de desenvolvimento no município, uma vez que está apresentando boa produtividade, e os agricultores estão inserindo-a em sistemas de produção mais sustentáveis, como consórcio e sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs). Portanto, o desenvolvimento de tecnologias adaptadas à realidade local é cada vez mais necessário, para aperfeiçoar ainda mais os sistemas de produção dessa especiaria.
The objective was to evaluate the inoculation, co-inoculation with bacteria B. japonicum and A. brasilense in combination with application of N doses on the agronomic characteristics of soybean. The design used was randomized blocks in a 4x4 factorial scheme, with four types of inoculation (absence of inoculation, inoculation of B. japonicum bacteria, inoculation with A. brasilense and co-inoculation with B. japonicum and A. brasilense) and four doses of N (0 % = 0; 2 % = 4.5; 4 % = 9 and 8 % = 18 kg ha-1), with four replications. The increasing doses and above 2% of N promoted a reduction in the number of nodules formed by B. japonicum in the roots. The number of nodules and root dry mass was higher at the dose of 8% N, with an average of 317 nodules per plant and 23.42 g plant-1 referring to the treatment with the inoculant A. brasilense. The nodulation efficiency obtained a value of 354 g kg-1 when the dose of 2% of N was used. if co-inoculation. The practice of nitrogen fertilization resulted in an increase in the number of nodules only for the bacteria A. brasilense and significant gains of N in the plant only at the dose of 8% of N.
The objective was to evaluate the agronomic traits of soybean as a function of inoculation, co-inoculation and N doses in Eutroferric RED OXSOL. The design was randomized blocks in a 4x4 factorial scheme, with four types of inoculation and four doses of N (0 = 0; 2 = 4.5; 4 = 9 and 8 % = 18 kg ha-1). No significant differences were found for plant height, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, nitrogen accumulation in the plant and grain yield. The mean number of nodules was higher at the dose of 2% N, equivalent to 46 nodules per plant inoculated with B. japonicum, and in the variables of dry mass of nodules, roots and shoots, inoculated with A. brasilense at the dose of 8% had higher averages with 486.94 mg plant-1, 11.91 g plant-1, 95.5 g plant-1, respectively. Nodulation efficiency had a linear increase for a dose of 8% N with a value of 72.32 g kg-1. For the number of nodules and nodulation efficiency, there was a significant increase when using the dose of 2% of N. Using the doses of 8%, the dry mass of nodules, root, aerial part and nodulation efficiency, obtained more satisfactory results than the other doses.
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