Resumo -A grande variabilidade genética presente no germoplasma de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) em uso na agricultura familiar no Brasil tem sido plenamente reconhecida. A eficiência da conservação e o aproveitamento desta variabilidade aumentam quando esta é devidamente caracterizada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a variabilidade genética de parte do germoplasma existente em poder de produtores de feijão no Rio Grande do Sul, e de cultivares produzidas pela pesquisa, e reuni-las em grupos de similaridade genética. Foi avaliada a divergência genética de 37 cultivares locais (land races) e 14 cultivares indicadas pela pesquisa no Estado, utilizando 40 descritores morfológicos; a grande maioria desses descritores são necessários à proteção legal. Empregou-se análise multivariada, por intermédio de componentes principais e método de agrupamento. O uso destas técnicas possibilitou identificar descritores ineficientes ou redundantes no estudo da variabilidade genética e reunir as cultivares estudadas em quatro grupos distintos de similaridade genética. As cultivares locais revelaram variabilidade superior à encontrada nas cultivares oriundas da pesquisa, o que sugere a importância da sua inclusão em programas de melhoramento.Termos para indexação: Phaseolus vulgaris, variedade nativa, germoplasma, variação genética. Genetic divergence in bean land races and research-developed cultivarsAbstract -It has been recognized that the germplasm of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under use by Brazilian small-holders presents a great genetic variability. The characterization of such variability, may contribute to increase efficiency in conservation and the use of that germplasm. The aim of this work was to characterize the variability present in bean land races, to compare it with that of researchdeveloped cultivars and locate all the genotypes in similarity groups. Thirty-seven land races and 14 research-developed cultivars were evaluated by the application of 40 bean morphologic descriptors; most of them contained in the set of descriptors needed for legal protection. Principal component analysis and Ward's hierarchical method were multivariate techniques employed in the study. Inefficient or redundant descriptors were identified and four different similarity groups of cultivars were defined. Land races displayed much larger variability as compared to research-developed cultivars, suggesting the importance of their potential for bean breeding programs.
South Brazil has a great diversity of alimentary fruit species. The uvaia (Eugenia pyriformis Cambess), along with other native species, has great economic potential due to its fruits and as a feedstock for the food industry. However, there is little information on seed dormancy for this species and neither a defined official protocol regarding dormancy overcoming, a necessary requisite for large-scale production. This work aimed to verify the presence of dormancy in E. pyriformis seeds, also proposing a possible method to overcome it. The applied seed breaking treatments were: mechanical scarification with sandpaper, chemical scarification using concentrated sulfuric acid, thermal shock using hot water, chemically induced germination using gibberellic acid, a combination of sulfuric acid and gibberellic acid treatments, a combination of hot water and gibberellic acid treatments, and a control (seed without treatment). The seeds were kept incubated in a BOD incubator for 60 days at 25±5 °C and a photoperiod of 8:16 h (light:dark). The percentage of germination and germination speed index (GSI) were evaluated. The results indicated that mechanical scarification induced faster germination (GSI values of 0.637 for mechanical scarification and 0.187 for the control) and germination percentages of 77%, while the control treatment presented 36%. The fresh collected E. pyriformis seeds may present dormancy, which was overcome by mechanical scarification.
Araçá has economic potential due to its fruits for consumption in natura or as feedstock for the food industry in Brazil. Despite the economic interest, there are few works in the literature and they conflict regarding araçá seed dormancy and procedures to overcome it, which could be a necessary requisite for large-scale production of this species. This work aimed to verify the existence of seed dormancy in fresh-collected red and yellow araçá seeds and, if dormancy exists, determine a possible dormancy release procedure for this species. The applied seed dormancy release treatments were: chemical scarification with concentrated sulfuric acid, thermal shock with hot water, chemically induced germination with gibberellic acid, a combination of sulfuric acid and gibberellic acid treatments, a combination of hot water and gibberellic acid treatments, and a control. The seeds were kept incubated in a BOD incubator for 60 days at 25±2 °C and a photoperiod of 16 h light and 8 h dark. The percentage of germination and the germination speed index (GSI) were evaluated. The data underwent ANOVA, followed by Tukey's multiple range test at 5% probability. After 60 days of incubation, no treatment was statistically different from the controls for red and yellow araçá seeds. indicating that both red and yellow araçá fresh-collected seeds do not have dormancy. Thus, there is no need for dormancy overcoming treatment, saving time and costs in seedling production of this species.
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