ABSTRACT:The unbound "free" bilirubin concentration (B f ), not the total bilirubin concentration, is the critical determinant of cellular uptake and toxicity of bilirubin. We compared B f measured by a modified peroxidase method with published data obtained with ultrafiltration and examined conditions that affect the affinity (K F ) of human (HSA) and bovine (BSA) serum albumin for bilirubin. The peroxidase and ultrafiltration methods yielded similar K F values that decreased with increasing HSA concentration and the presence of 50 mM chloride. When related to ionic strength, inhibition of BSAbilirubin binding by chloride, bromide, and sulfate were similar, whereas phosphate buffer had a smaller effect. K F was lower at 37°C than at 25°C for HSA but not for BSA. K F for BSA was similar at pH 7.4 and 8. T he unbound ("free") concentration of unconjugated bilirubin (B f ) in plasma, although less than 0.1% of total bilirubin concentration, is the principal determinant of tissue uptake and toxicity of bilirubin, and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of bilirubin encephalopathy in jaundiced newborns (1,2) and in patients with Crigler Najjar disease (3). Notwithstanding its biologic significance, B f has rarely been measured in either clinical evaluation of jaundiced newborns or in vitro studies of bilirubin effects and toxicity. This avoidance is due in part to the perceived complexity of B f assays and scepticism regarding their clinical value or accuracy (4 -6).Bilirubin-albumin binding has been studied using a variety of techniques, including fluorescent quenching, bilirubin fluorescence, circular dichroism, Sephadex gel filtration, optical rotary dispersion, dialysis, ultrafiltration, spectrophotometry, and enzymatic oxidation of bilirubin (peroxidase method). Reported association constants for HSA range from 6.7 ϫ 10 6 M Ϫ1 to Ͼ10 8 M Ϫ1 (7-10). The binding constant of HSA has been estimated to be 2-13 times greater than that of BSA (11-13). Considerable variation in serum binding of bilirubin has been reported in newborn infants (2). These differences may be due to direct binding competitors (e.g. sulfonamides), allosteric effects, electrolyte environment, or simply the assay technique, e.g. serum sample dilution (14).The dependency of bilirubin binding affinity on HSA concentration as well as chloride concentration was demonstrated by Weisiger et al. (15) using a complicated procedure in which binding affinity of 14 C-bilirubin was calculated after the sequential removal of labeled impurities by serial ultrafiltration. A more practical technique for measuring B f in clinical or laboratory settings was developed by Jacobsen and Wennberg (16) based on the observation that albumin-binding protects bilirubin from oxidation by HRP. Ahlfors (14,17) has modified the peroxidase method, emphasizing the need to measure B f with two or more HRP concentrations and under the same conditions and albumin concentrations existing in plasma or incubation medium.In this investigation, we replicated and extended the exp...
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