Timber De-Standardized 2.0 is a mixed reality (MR) user interface (UI) that utilizes timber waste produced by manufacturing dimensional lumber, suggesting an expanded notion for "material usability" in timber construction. The expanded notion of designing with discarded logs not only requires new tools and technologies for cataloguing, structuring, and fabricating. It also relies on new methods and platforms for the visualization and design of these structures. As a MR UI, Timber De-Standardized enables professionals and nonprofessionals alike to seamlessly design with irregular logs and to create viable structural systems using an intuitive MR environment. In order to develop a MR environment with this level of competency, the research aims to finesse the visualization techniques in the immersive full-scale 3D environment and to minimize the use of alternative 2D UI(s). The research methodology focuses on (1) cataloguing and extracting basic properties of various tree logs, (2) refining mesh visualization for better user interaction, and (3) developing the MR UI to increase user design agency with custom menu lists and operations. This methodology will extend the usability of MR UI protocols to a broader audience while democratizing design and enabling the user as co-creator.
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The perception of the rural has shifted and has been incarnated with various narratives and policies of urbanization since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Although the most intense periods of rapid urbanization have been mainly driven by the incessant development of cities and megacities, the countryside has played a central role in the country’s urbanization process through in situ transformations of towns and villages as integral parts of urban economics, the industrialization of the countryside, and the steady conurbation of rural towns and urban centers1. Reaching 58.52%2 of urban population in 2017 and with the goal of continuing to urbanize its population to 75% by 2025, the growth of rural villages and townships emerged as the predominant context for urbanization under the 2005 New Socialist Countryside policies. The rural context, and in particular, the ambiguous zones of rural-urban, have shifted to the focal point of urbanization. More recently in 2014, China’s National New Townization Plan directs the focus to develop small cities, towns, and villages. The process of townization engages a wide range of territorial landscapes that are neither distinctly urban nor distinctly rural. With much at stake in the transformation of the rural- urban context, there lacks a clear spatial characterization and definition which defines the multivalent landscape. First by outlining the changing narratives and policy phases of rural development, the paper aims to identify limitations in the current administrative and binary classification of the urban cities and rural villages. By further analyzing five case study cities, the paper attempts to reveal emerged and collaged architectural and growth patterns of the rural-urban context, to provide methods of mapping the transformation of their spatial structure at the territorial scale, and lastly, to argue for the importance of the rural-urban as a valuable condition for designing better urbanization models.
With the advancement of full scale 3d printing technology, industrialized building construction is rapidly moving towards a highly process-idiosyncratic and expressionist architecture of material sausages. Drawing connections between local vernacular (ancient modern) earth construction techniques and automated additive manufacturing strategies, this paper explores the potential for 3d printed architecture across the Americas, dissecting the technology’s ecological advantages and architectural possibilities in the process.
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