Developmental anomalies of the inferior vena cava are not infrequent. The majority cause no circulatory disturbance, but a small number result in veno-arterial communications that allow only a short period of postnatal life (Taussig, 1947).Clinical and anatomical details are given below of an unusual case in which termination of the inferior vena cava in the left atrium was the only congenital abnormality affecting the circulation. Cyanosis was constantly present, there were few signs of heart disease and the patient lived actively for 32 years. The available details of her history, the physical signs, and the investigations performed are sufficient to assist in the recognition of future cases and are therefore described fully.We were unable to find previous records of a similar case or of an identical anatomical defect. CASE HISTORYThe patient was a married woman who died in 1953 at the age of 32. At the age of 4 years she had pneumonia and was subsequently noticed to be cyanosed. At 7 congenital heart disease was diagnosed. She had no symptoms apart from slight breathlessness on exertion, and was able to live a normal life and play games at school. From the age of 14 she worked as a domestic servant and college bedmaker until she married at 18. At 19 she became pregnant but the child died shortly after birth. Thereafter she had a succession of miscarriages at 4, 3, and 5 months respectively, and at the age of 23 was seen by one of us (L.C.) when she was again 24 weeks pregnant. At that time she suffered from considerable breathlessness on exertion and some swelling of the ankles but her condition was otherwise good. She was sturdy and wellproportioned and weighed 8 st. 12 lb. (56 kg.).Examination showed severe cyanosis and clubbing of the fingers, but no other abnormalities. No murmurs were heard then or on any subsequent occasion and the heart sounds were normal. The blood pressure was 140/90, and the urine was normal. X-ray and screening showed no abnormality of the heart or lungs (Fig. 1). The cardiogram showed inversion of TII and deep inversion of Tlll but was otherwise normal (Fig. 2). Blood count showed: red cells 6-9 million per cu. mm. and hlmoglobin 17 g. per 100 ml.Wasserman reaction negative. The pregnancy was allowed to continue and a normal full-term infant was born who still survives. She made a good recovery and appeared none the worse for her confinement.A few weeks later she attended Ophthalmological Out-Patients with embolism of a branch of the right retinal artery, but did not again visit the Cardiac Clinic until the age of 28, when the clinical symptoms and signs were unchanged (red cells 6-4 million per cu. mm., and hiemoglobin 19 4 g. per 100 ml.; circulation time-arm-to-lung 17 sec., arm-to-tongue 24 sec.).At 29 she again became pregnant, and was readmitted with tox2emia of pregnancy, blood pressure 180/120, and severe albuminuria. Her symptoms cleared up after a miscarriage, the foetus weighing 21 lb. (1 1 kg.), and the blood pressure fell to 130/70. Soon after this she developed tonsi...
The emergence of high consequence animal diseases usually requires managing significant mortality. A desirable aspect of any carcass management method is the ability to contain and inactivate the target pathogen. The above‐ground burial (AGB) technique was recently developed and proposed as an alternative carcass management method. Here, we investigate the tenacity of swinepox virus (SwPV), as a surrogate model for African swine fever virus (ASFV) in swine carcasses during the AGB process. For this, SwPV was inoculated intrafemorally in 90 adult swine carcasses, which were subsequently disposed under AGB conditions. Bone marrow samples were recovered periodically throughout 12 months and virus viability was assessed by virus isolation (VI), whereas the presence of SwPV DNA was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Additionally, an in vitro study assessed the inactivation rate of SwPV, Senecavirus A (SVA), and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Viral suspensions were mixed with bone marrow material and maintained at 21–23°C for 30 days. Virus viability was assessed by VI and viral titration. In the field study, SwPV remained viable only in 11 (55%) bone marrow samples collected on day 7; only viral DNA (and not infectivity) was detected afterwards. SwPV inactivation was estimated to have occurred by day 11. The in vitro testing revealed a variable tenacity of the studied viruses. The viability period was estimated in 28, 80, and 118 days, respectively, for BVDV, SwPV, and SVA. Overall, these findings indicate that the AGB technique was effective in quickly inactivating SwPV. Additionally, the SwPV inactivation rate is comparable to ASFV under field studies and poses a potential model for preliminary ASFV inactivation studies with reduced biosecurity requirements. Moreover, this study contributes to understanding the inactivation kinetics of viruses under specific conditions, which is critical when designing and applying countermeasures in case of biosecurity breaches in sites managing animal mortality.
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