At present, saltwater intrusion in water resource is highly concerned as it could severely affect various sectors such as water utilization, irrigation as well as water supply production process. This study aims to assess the problem of saltwater intrusion in raw water resource of Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (Thailand). In addition, a conceptual framework to handle this crisis was developed based on literature review and revised by the experts for applicability and sustainability of the proposed framework. From study, it can be noted that saltwater intrusion in this case could be effectively controlled by integrating several methods such as water diversion, fresh water discharge, barrage with sluice gates, submerged weir/rubber dam, Abstraction Desalination and Recharge (ADR), and Cutoff wall. Moreover, water resource management should be well considered and applied to overcome such problem.
This study presents the application of Hall Effect sensor for differentiating the combination of liquids based on electrical conductance. Electromagnetic field was generated from wire (AWG 31) bound on high frequency magnetic core namely Toroidal iron power (T131-26) or C-shape Toroidal core. In this study, the electrochemical cell was fixed at 0.09375 cm-1 and there were 10 samples of several liquid types for testing. Hall Effect sensor was designed to place with high frequency magnetic cores bound by 310-turns wire. From experiment using electromagnetic field generated by C-shape Toroidal core, it can be observed that the samples of natural honey from Germany (J) and sugar substitute for diabetics (I) could be distinguished by considering output voltage of Hall Effect sensor (VH) and electrical conductance. The output voltage and the electrical conductance from measurement of natural honey (J) were 3.037 V and 0.941 mS.T, respectively while those from measurement of sugar substitute (I) were 3.030 V and 0.938 mS.T, respectively. Moreover, it can be noted that this methodology could be applied for measuring electrical conductance of several liquid types due to the relationships of output voltage of Hall Effect sensor and electrical conductance of liquid. However, only C-shape Toroidal core was used in this study due to the appropriate generation of electromagnetic field for differentiating both sample liquid types with 1.83% of error for natural honey and 1.51% of error for sugar substitute from 195 times of repetitive measurement.
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