The objective of this work was to evaluate the longevity of Astronium fraxinifolium Schott seeds collected in the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais in Brazil and analyse its association with local weather conditions during the vegetative and reproductive phases (temperature, precipitation and altitude) and seed oil content. Longevity was tested in a controlled ageing test at a constant temperature of 45 °C and relative humidity (RH) of 60, 65 or 70%, followed by germination. Seed longevity was inferior in seeds collected in the state of Minas Gerais and superior in seeds collected in the state of Goiás. There was a significant positive correlation between seed longevity and temperature and a significant negative correlation between seed longevity and altitude. No correlation was found between rainfall and seed longevity. In addition, we found a significant negative correlation between seed longevity and oil content, which was associated with an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Thus, the influence of the maternal environment during seed production should be considered during seed collection for improved ex situ conservation of A. fraxinifolium seeds.A longevidade de sementes difere em Astronium fraxinifolium Schott de duas regiões geográficas do Brasil RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a longevidade de sementes de Astronium fraxinifolium Schott coletadas nos estados de Goiás e Minas Gerais, no Brasil, e analisar a associação com as condições climáticas locais (temperatura, precipitação e altitude) e teor de óleo da semente. A longevidade foi testada através de um teste de envelhecimento controlado a uma temperatura constante de 45 °C e umidade relativa (UR) de 60, 65 e 70%, seguido de germinação. A longevidade das sementes foi inferior nas sementes coletadas no Estado de Minas Gerais e superior nas sementes coletadas no Estado de Goiás. Houve correlação significativa e positiva da longevidade das sementes com a temperatura e correlação significativa e negativa com a altitude. Não foi encontrada correlação entre a precipitação e a longevidade das sementes. Além disso, encontramos uma correlação significativa e negativa da longevidade das sementes e do teor de óleo, que foi associada a um aumento no conteúdo de malonaldeído (MDA). Assim, a influência do ambiente materno durante a produção de sementes pode ser considerada durante a coleta de sementes para melhor conservação ex situ de sementes de A. fraxinifolium.Palavras-chave: conservação ex situ; precipitação; armazenamento de sementes; temperatura Seed longevity differs in Astronium fraxinifolium Schott from two geographic regions in Brazil Rev. Bras.
Astronium fraxinifolium is an endangered tree species from Brazil. Due to its significance in environmental reforestation, as well as the continued exploitation of its wood, it is necessary to develop management programs that support the conservation of the species. Simple sequence repeats (SSR) or microsatellite markers are widely used in population genetic studies across a range of diverse organisms. In this study, we present the first SSR markers developed for A. fraxinifolium as well as their frequency and distribution based on transcriptome data. From transcriptome data, we identified more than 100 thousand sequences presenting microsatellites, with a predominant distribution of trinucleotide repeats. From the initial screening, we selected 20 microsatellite loci which were validated and evaluated for genetic indices in two natural populations. All loci were polymorphic, ranging from four to 11 alleles per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 1.0 and from 0.533 to 1.0, respectively, while the genetic differentiation (G ST = 0.363) was greater within than between populations. The developed SSR loci from RNA-Seq data provides a foundation for future studies on genetic diversity and population structure, mating system, and gene flow for A. fraxinifolium populations and related species, aiming at conservation and management.
Astronium fraxinifolium Schott (Anacardiaceae), also known as a ‘gonçalo-alves’, is a tree of the American tropics, with distribution in Mexico, part of Central America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay. In Brazil it is an endangered species that occurs in the Cerrado, Caatinga and in the Amazon biomes. In support of ex situ conservation, this work aimed to study two accessions with different longevity (p50) of A. fraxinifolium collected from two different geographic regions, and to evaluate the transcriptome during aging of the seeds in order to identify genes related to seed longevity. Artificial ageing was performed at a constant temperature of 45 °C and 60% relative humidity. RNA was extracted from 100 embryonic axes exposed to control and aging conditions for 21 days. The transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes such as Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) genes, genes involved in the photosystem, glycine rich protein (GRP) genes, and several transcription factors associated with embryo development and ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Thus, these results contribute to understanding which genes play a role in seed ageing, and may serve as a basis for future functional characterization of the seed aging process in A. fraxinifolium.
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