BackgroundEpidemiological studies have demonstrated an increased incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with bronchial asthma, but little is known about the relationship between asthma and vascular function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate endothelial function and arterial stiffness in children and adolescents with asthma.MethodsA cross-sectional controlled study was designed. Measurements of endothelial function and arterial stiffness in asthmatic (13.6 ± 0.6 years) and control groups (14.9 ± 0.7 years) were taken by the non-invasive peripheral arterial tonometry (EndoPAT2000) determined by using the natural logarithm of the reactive hyperemia index (LnRHI) and the augmentation index (AIx@75%), respectively. Patients with asthma were also administered two questionnaires to evaluate asthma control and quality of life. Exercise functional capacity was evaluated using the Shuttle Walking Test (SWT). Only male participants were included in the present study.ResultsLnRHI and the walked distance during the SWT were similar between groups (p = 0.23 and p = 0.50, respectively). AIx@75% was significantly higher in the asthmatic group (-7.75 ± 1.7) compared to the control group (-15.25 ± 1.8), p < 0.04. In the control group, the LnRHI correlated positively with baseline systolic blood pressure (r = 0.53, p = 0.02) and mean arterial pressure (r = 0.50, p = 0.03), age (r = 0.61, p = 0.007), weight (r = 0.63, p = 0.004) and height (r = 0.56, p = 0.015). Besides that LnRHI correlated with FVC (r = 0.69, p = 0.002), FEV1, (r = 0.53, p = 0.03) and negatively with Tiffeneau index (FEV1/FVC%, r = −0.49 p = 0.04). The LnRHI of the asthmatic group did not correlate with the different variables evaluated.ConclusionThe increased AIx@75% without changes in LnRHI in asthmatic patients could mean that an early detection of vascular impairment may precede endothelial dysfunction, and that different mechanisms may contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular events in this population. A large prospective and randomized controlled study should be done to evaluate the physiopathological mechanisms underlying the association between arterial stiffness and asthma.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0488-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Resumo:O presente artigo tem por finalidade realizar uma abordagem acerca do dever de indenizar o tempo desperdiçado nas relações de consumo, ou, como usualmente tem se denominado, a responsabilidade civil pela perda do tempo útil, ou, ainda, o 'desvio produtivo do consumidor'. verificamos se o tempo, além de tratar-se de um importante bem, é, também, um bem jurídico, ou seja, se é protegido pelo ordenamento jurídico pátrio. Em outras palavras, se é merecedor de tutela, ensejando ao causador de eventual lesão o dever de indenizar o tempo desperdiçado. Na sequência, realizamos um estudo sobre a tese "Desvio Produtivo do Consumidor". Ainda, a partir da análise de julgados, verificaremos a adoção da teoria da 'responsabilidade civil pela perda do tempo útil' por diversos Tribunais de Justiça, o que tem levado à condenações por dano moral em razão da perda do tempo útil do consumidor. E, por fim, tendo em vista a constatação da importância do tempo, uma vez tratar-se de um bem escasso, inacumulável, irrecuperável, e considerando a possibilidade de tutela jurídica, verifica-se a necessidade do reconhecimento de uma nova modalidade de dano, qual seja, o dano temporal.Palavras-chave: Dever de Indenizar. Perda do Tempo. Tempo Desperdiçado.Relação de Consumo. Abstract:The goal of this paper is to analyze the duty of compensate the wasted time in consumer relationships, or, as usually stated, liability for loss of lifetime, or even, consumer's productive deviation. This work studies if time, besides being an important asset, is also a legal interest, that is whether protected by the Brazilian legal system. In other words, if time deserves special care, then it's loss must be compensated. Following, the thesis "productive consumer deviation" is studied.Moreover, based on case-law analysis, the liability for loss of productive time thesis is verified as to be adopted in many courts, which has led to moral damage lawsuits based on loss of productive time. Finally, considering the importance of time as a rare, non-recoverable, non-accumulating asset, and considering the possibility of care by law, the need for a new modality of damage, namely temporal damage, is verified.