Abstract. Root-knot nematodes constitute a constraint for important crops, including peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria has been identified in the peanut wild relative Arachis stenosperma Krapov. & W. C. Greg., in which the induction of feeding sites by the nematode was inhibited by an early hypersensitive response (HR). Here, the transcription expression profiles of 19 genes selected from Arachis species were analysed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), during the early phases of an A. stenosperma-M. arenaria interaction. Sixteen genes were significantly differentially expressed in infected and non-infected roots, in at least one of the time points analysed: 3, 6, and 9 days after inoculation. These genes are involved in the HR and production of secondary metabolites related to pathogen defence. Seven genes encoding a resistance protein MG13, a helix-loop helix protein, an ubiquitin protein ligase, a patatin-like protein, a catalase, a DUF538 protein, and a resveratrol synthase, were differentially expressed in all time points analysed. Transcripts of two genes had their spatial and temporal distributions analysed by in situ hybridisation that validated qRT-PCR data. The identification of candidate resistance genes involved in wild peanut resistance to Meloidogyne can provide additional resources for peanut breeding and transgenic approaches.

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) is currently the most sensitive technique used for absolute and relative quantification of a target gene transcript, requiring the use of appropriated reference genes for data normalization. To accurately estimate the relative expression of target tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genes responsive to several virus species in reverse transcription qPCR analysis, the identification of reliable reference genes is mandatory. In the present study, ten reference genes were analyzed across a set of eight samples: two tomato contrasting genotypes (‘Santa Clara’, susceptible, and its near-isogenic line ‘LAM 157’, resistant); subjected to two treatments (inoculation with Tomato chlorotic mottle virus (ToCMoV) and its mock-inoculated control) and in two distinct times after inoculation (early and late). Reference genes stability was estimated by three statistical programs (geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper). To validate the results over broader experimental conditions, a set of ten samples, corresponding to additional three tomato-virus pathosystems that included tospovirus, crinivirus and tymovirus + tobamovirus, was analyzed together with the tomato-ToCMoV pathosystem dataset, using the same algorithms. Taking into account the combined analyses of the ranking order outputs from the three algorithms, TIP41 and EF1 were identified as the most stable genes for tomato-ToCMoV pathosystem, and TIP41 and EXP for the four pathosystems together, and selected to be used as reference in the forthcoming expression qPCR analysis of target genes in experimental conditions involving the aforementioned tomato-virus pathosystems.

A batata é uma das principais hortaliças cultivadas no Brasil. Em 2003 a produção brasileira foi de aproximadamente três milhões de toneladas em uma área de 149.000 ha (FAO, 2004). Dentre os problemas fitossanitários da cultura ressaltam-se as viroses, notadamente aquelas causadas pelo Potato virus Y (PVY), da família Potyviridae ( VAN REGENMORTEL et al., 2000). ABSTRACT RT-PCR For differentiation of Potato virus Y strains in potatoThe Potato virus Y (PVY) has become the major virus problem in seed potato growing areas of Brazil. Only necrotic and ordinary PVY strains were found infecting potatoes in Brazil. This situation drastically changed around 1997 when an epidemic of a PVY necrotic variant causing necrotic rings on the potato tuber surface was observed in the country. This study aimed to test the tuber necrotic strain differentiation method proposed by Weilguny & Singh (1998). Twenty eight PVY isolates originated from infected tubers and leaves from four Brazilian States were analyzed by host reaction after inoculation in tobacco, by ELISA using polyclonal antiserum and by the 3-primer RT-PCR method. The ordinary strain type isolates induced vein clearing and chlorotic pearl spots on Nicotiana tabacum leaves. All 24 remaining isolates inducing vein necrosis in leaves were classified as necrotic strains. All 28 PVY isolates positively reacted to PVY polyclonal antiserum by Elisa. Three RNA extraction methods were compared and the guanidine hydrochloride method was the most efficient and of the lowest cost. One isolate from Santa Catarina State and three from Rio Grande do Sul out of 28 PVY isolates submitted to RT-PCR method were differentiated as PVY O , confirming the biological test. One isolate of PVY N was detected from Santa Catarina and four from Rio Grande do Sul State. The PVY NTN was detected in Minas Gerais (six isolates), Santa Catarina (three isolates) and São Paulo (ten isolates). These results confirmed the presence of this new variant, PVY NTN in the main potato growing areas of Brazil.