Functionally graded materials (FGM) based on stainless steel and ceramic materials have inspired researchers to combine properties and features which are not present in conventional composites, and are considered to be an alternative in the production of motors parts, cutting tools and coatings for reactors. The addition of metal and ceramic in a graded structure allows the integration of distinct properties that combine advantages of metallic and ceramic materials. Ceramic components withstand high temperatures and present high corrosion resistance, while metallic ones provide higher mechanical resistance, in particular ultimate tensile strength and fracture toughness. In this work, composites with variable levels of 316 Stainless Steel and Ytria-stabilized Zirconia, were prepared and characterized, in order to determine the thermal behavior of each composition, aiming the optimization of sintering of pieces with chemical composition gradation.
Functionally graded materials (FGM) based on stainless steel and ceramics has aroused interest in many technological areas: structural, thermal, electrical, biomedical and military, and has inspired researchers to combine properties and features which are not present in conventional samples, and is considered to be an alternative in the preparation of high efficient motors parts, cutting tools and structural coatings for chemical reactors. The incorporation of metal and ceramic in a graduated structure allows the integration of many desirable properties that combine advantages of metallic and ceramic materials. Ceramic components are capable of withstanding high temperatures and have high corrosion resistance, while the metallic components provide a higher mechanical resistance, in particular ultimate tensile strength and ductility, and therefore less susceptible to catastrophic fracture. In this work, composites with variable levels of 316L Stainless Steel and Yttria Stabilized Zirconia, obtained by high-energy milling process, were prepared and characterized, in order to determine the thermal behavior of each composition, with the aim of planning the sintering of a FGM with gradation of chemical composition. X-rays diffractometry (XRD), dilatometric analyses and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed for composites materials with distinct proportions of Stainless Steel and Zirconia, with the objective of analyzing the influence of the composition, as the heating rate the behavior of Stainless Steel/Zirconia layers during sintering. Additionally, were built by powder metallurgy and characterized three samples of FGM. The samples of MGFs were characterized in the optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Chemical microanalysis was done by the technique of energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of FGM1 and EDS-Line Scan Analysis of samples and FGM2 and FGM3. Finally, the phases present in the samples were measured by Vickers penetration technique. The results of dilatometric tests for composites with levels higher than zirconia to 50 % and heating rates of 5 °C/min and 10ºC/min up to 1200°C showed a greater linear shrinkage around 900ºC, and compositions at a heating rate of 15°C/min to about 1000°C, indicating that the densification process is starting at temperatures below that observed in other compositions dilatometric curves for these same heating rates. The DSC of the composites showed a change corresponding to the chrome carbides precipitation own austenitic stainless steel. The zirconia addition to stainless steel inhibited the carbides precipitation, indicated by the appearance of a peak in the samples composed only of stainless steel.
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