Phenology has achieved a prominent position in current scenarios of global change research given its role in monitoring and predicting the timing of recurrent life cycle events. However, the implications of phenology to environmental conservation and management remain poorly explored. Here, we present the first explicit appraisal of how phenology -a multidisciplinary science encompassing biometeorology, ecology, and evolutionary biology -can make a key contribution to contemporary conservation biology. We focus on shifts in plant phenology induced by global change, their impacts on species diversity and plantanimal interactions in the tropics, and how conservation efforts could be enhanced in relation to plant resource organization. We identify the effects of phenological changes and mismatches in the maintenance and conservation of mutualistic interactions, and examine how phenological research can contribute to evaluate, manage and mitigate the consequences of land-use change and other natural and anthropogenic disturbances, such as fire, exotic and invasive species. We also identify cutting-edge tools that can improve the spatial and temporal coverage of phenological monitoring, from satellites to drones and digital cameras. We highlight the role of historical information in recovering long-term phenological time series, and track climate-related shifts in tropical systems. Finally, we propose a set of measures to boost the contribution of phenology to conservation science. We advocate the inclusion of phenology into predictive models integrating evolutionary history to identify species groups that are either resilient or sensitive to future climatechange scenarios, and understand how phenological mismatches can affect community dynamics, ecosystem services, and conservation over time. We hereby submit the revised draft of our 'Perspectives' manuscript entitled "Linking plant phenology to conservation biology" to which we now incorporate the rather minor changes suggested by the reviewers. While responding to those very positive comments, we also indicate how we have incorporated the reviewers' remarks. UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTAWe thank you and the reviewers again for all the suggestions that have improved our The MS is well written, integrates interesting different aspects of plant phenology and provide a guide to include phenology in prospective long-term studies and management plans. Therefore the study is of general interest for a wide audience, particularly for Biological Conservation readers.Next, I suggest some changes to improve the current version of the MS 1. Authors comment the effect of climate and land use change on Section 4. For example, they argue that edge effect "increase of flowering and fruiting activity" (Line #389) or fragmentation affect reproductive success. Yet, these are functional responses of plant populations to different types of disturbances/changes, but they do not necessary entail changes in phenology. Please, review the MS and make sure that you only include ...

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Post-release monitoring data of reintroduced captive-bred birds can be utilized to help optimize future avian reintroduction programs. We present a case study of broad interest to reintroduction and conservation biologists interested in investigating movements and habitat use by reintroduced captive-bred birds. We used radio telemetry to monitor reintroduced captive-bred red-billed curassow Crax blumenbachii at a private reserve, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. During August 2006 and October 2008, 25 radio-tagged individuals (15 females and 10 males, all o30 months old) were monitored over a 25-month period. Evaluation of home-range size and habitat use revealed that captive-bred curassows should be released only into forest areas with adequate riverine habitat that are larger than the minimum home-range movements of the proposed population. Curassows also utilized pastureland, cultivated areas and secondary forests, suggesting that the proximity of release sites to such habitats may not be entirely detrimental for future reintroductions. Site fidelity for reintroduced birds was low, and there was a tendency for resident curassows to move away when new cohorts were released into the area. Determining how habitat characteristics, displacement by newly released cohorts, adjustments to their new surroundings or cohort social interactions influence post-release movements of resident birds at release sites over prolonged time frames would improve our knowledge on the impacts of releasing further captive-bred individuals into habitats with extant populations. Critically, the movement patterns of reintroduced curassows identified in this study demonstrate that avian post-release monitoring must be considered over an appropriate time frame and we highlight how different conclusions may be generated depending on the duration of post-release monitoring. It may take more than 2 years for reintroduced captive-bred sub-adults to become established following release and that post-release monitoring of similar duration may not be adequate for large avian species such as Cracids.

RESUMO -(Crescimento dePistia stratiotes em diferentes condições de temperatura e fotoperíodo). A temperatura e fotoperíodo são variáveis abióticas que influenciam diretamente a produção primária das macrófitas aquáticas, determinam a distribuição geográfica das espécies e afetam a estrutura das comunidades. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes condições de temperatura e fotoperíodo no crescimento de Pistia stratiotes. Indivíduos de P. stratiotes foram acondicionados em câmaras climáticas, com controle de temperatura e fotoperíodo. Utilizou-se oito tratamentos, 1 (15 ºC/8 h de fotoperíodo); 2 (15 ºC/12 h); 3 (25 ºC/8 h); 4 (25 ºC/12 h); 5 (30 ºC/8 h) e 6 (30 ºC/12 h). O maior ganho de biomassa ocorreu no tratamento 4, que apresentou diferenças significativas (p<0,05) em relação aos tratamentos 1, 5 e 6. Nos tratamentos 1, 5 e 6, a biomassa final foi inferior à biomassa inicial de P. stratiotes. A maior redução de biomassa ocorreu no tratamento 6, que foi significativamente inferior aos tratamentos 2, 3 e 4. Observou-se nos tratamentos com temperatura de 25 ºC a maior produção de brotos, enquanto que, nos tratamentos com temperatura de 15 ºC e 30 ºC, essa produção foi muito reduzida. Concluiu-se que temperatura e fotoperíodo influenciam o crescimento de Pistia stratiotes e que esta espécie apresentou maior crescimento quando submetida à temperatura de 25 ºC e fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Palavras-chave: efeito de fotoperíodo, efeito de temperatura, macrófita aquáticaABSTRACT -(Growth of Pistia stratiotes in different temperature and photoperiod regimes). Temperature and photoperiod are abiotic variables that directly influence aquatic macrophyte production. They also determine the geographic distribution of the species and affect community structure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth of Pistia stratiotes in different temperature and photoperiod regimes. P. stratiotes plants were conditioned in growth chambers with controlled temperature and photoperiod. Six treatments were used: 1 (15 ºC/8 h photoperiod); 2 (15 ºC/12 h); 3 (25 ºC/8 h); 4 (25 ºC/12 h); 5 (30 ºC/8 h) and 6 (30 ºC/12 h). The highest biomass gain occurred with treatment number 4 which showed significant differences (p<0.05) compared to treatments number 1, 5 and 6. In treatments 1, 5 and 6 the final biomass was lower than the initial biomass of P. stratiotes. The greatest biomass reduction occurred in treatment number 6 which was significantly lower than in treatments 2, 3 and 4. The highest sprout production was observed in treatments at 25 °C, while in treatments at 15 °C and 30 °C sprouting was greatly reduced. We conclude that temperature and photoperiod influence P. stratiotes growth and higher growth rates occurred at 25 °C and 12-hour photoperiod.

All the contents of this work, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Todo o conteúdo deste trabalho, exceto quando houver ressalva, é publicado sob a licença Creative Commons Atribição 4.0. Todo el contenido de esta obra, excepto donde se indique lo contrario, está bajo licencia de la licencia Creative Commons Reconocimento 4.0. Capítulo 10 Ecologia da bacia do rio Itanhaém: características limnológicas e uso do solo