Lignin/polypropylene composites were compounded by melt blending in a thermokinetic mixer and then ASTM specimens suitable for tensile testing were made by injection moulding. Two polypropylenes with different molecular weights were used as matrices. Lignin contents in the composites ranged from 10 to 55 wt.‐%. Tensile modulus, strength and elongation were determined for those composites. The experimental data thus obtained were thus mathematically fitted to several micromechanical models. Micromechanical models best suited for fitting experimental data were those of Halpin‐Tsai, Nielsen and Pukánszky. Fitting of predicted data to the experimental data was good in most cases, thus revealing the ability of those models for predicting the tensile properties of lignin/polypropylene composites and estimate the unknown modulus of elasticity of the lignin used as filler.
An overview of the crust and upper mantle structure of the Central America and Caribbean region is presented as a result of the processing of more than 200 seismograms recorded by digital broadband stations from SSSN and GSN seismic networks. By FTAN analysis of the fundamental mode of the Rayleigh waves, group velocity dispersion curves are obtained in the period range from 10 s to 40 s; the error of these measurements varies from 0.06 and 0.10 km/s. From the dispersion curves, seven tomographic maps at different periods and with average spatial resolution of 500 km are obtained. Using the logical combinatorial classification techniques, eight main groups of dispersion curves are determined from the tomographic maps and eleven main regions, each one characterized by one kind of dispersion curves, are identified. The average dispersion curves obtained for each region are extended to 150 s by adding data from the tomographic study of [3] and inverted using a non-linear procedure. As a result of the inversion process, a set of models of the Swave velocity vs. depth in the crust and upper mantle are found. In six regions, we identify a typically oceanic crust and upper mantle structure, while in the other two the models are consistent with the presence of a continental structure. Two regions, located over the major geological zones of the accretionary crust of the Caribbean region, are characterized by a peculiar crust and upper mantle structure, indicating the presence of lithospheric roots reaching, at least, about 200 km of depth.2
El constituyente español ha plasmado en el art. 155 CE una categoría de larga trayectoria en el sistema descentralizado alemán: la coerción estatal. La coerción estatal surge en el periodo de la confederación del siglo xix para suplir las carencias de la justicia constitucional, atribuyendo a órganos del Estado central la facultad de garantizar el cumplimiento de las obligaciones impuestas por la Constitución (y las leyes) al resto de miembros del sistema descentralizado. El encaje de la coerción estatal presenta problemas en un sistema descentralizado construido a partir de una Constitución como norma suprema, cuya tutela le corresponde a un Tribunal Constitucional. Este trabajo ha pretendido analizar la función que puede desempeñar la coerción estatal del art. 155 CE en la estructura del Estado autonómico.The Spanish constituent recognized in the art. 155 of the Constitution a category of the tradition of the German decentralized system: the state coercion. The state coercion emerges during the period of the confederation of the nineteenth century to supply the deficiences of the constitutional justice, attributing to the central state organs different faculties to ensure the fulfillment the constitutional (and legal) obligations by the members of the decentralized system. The engagement of state coercion presents problems in a decentralized system built from a Constitution as supreme law, whose protection is attributed to a Constitutional Court. This work has attempted to analyze the role of state coercion of art. 155 SC in the structure of the autonomous State.
Este trabajo se propone analizar la naturaleza jurídica del art. 155 de la Constitución a partir de sus presupuestos conceptuales, teóricos y jurídicos. Se ha propuesto demostrar a) por qué el art. 155 CE reconoce un poder de sustitución, no de coerción (presupuestos conceptuales), b) qué justifica teóricamente que ese deba ser el contenido del art. 155 CE (presupuestos teóricos), y c) cuál es la explicación jurídica de que el Estado pueda proceder a la sustitución de las comunidades autónomas (presupuestos jurídicos). Al amparo de estos presupuestos, este trabajo analiza el contenido del supuesto de hecho del art. 155 CE, cuáles son las medidas de sustitución que pueden adoptarse frente a las comunidades autónomas y sus límites.
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