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This paper introduces an analysis-of-variance technique for the purpose of assessing configural cue utilization in clinical judgment. Use of the analysisof-variance model is illustrated by an experiment in which 9 radiologists judged the malignancy of gastric ulcers on the basis of roentgenological symptoms. The model proved capable of describing linear and configural cue use in a precise quantitative manner. Although there were a substantial number of instances in which a judge combined the symptoms configurally, most of the variation in a judge's responses could be accounted for in terms of the nonconfigural use of individual symptoms. Implications of the technique for the study of "diagnostic experts" are discussed,

Response styles (e.g., "yeasaying") must be distinguished from response sets (e.g., "dissimulation"). When this is done, and when those designs which permit inferences concerning response styles are distinguished from those which do not, the data accumulated to date must be interpreted as indicating that response styles are of no more than trivial importance in determining responses to personality, interest, and attitude inventories, current opinion to the contrary notwithstanding.

We propose a new framework for understanding studies of counselor-client agreement about their counseling. The framework includes five factors: Ihe scope of counseling being studied (process, impact, or outcome), the dimension (index) being rated (in this study, session Depth, Smoothness, Positivity, or Arousal), the measure used to assess agreement (correlations or absolute differences), the level at which the analysis is conducted (session, client, or counselor), and the type of agreement-(a) consensus, the similarity of counselors' own ratings to clients' own ratings; (b) counselor awareness, the similarity of counselors' perceptions of their clients to clients' own ratings; (c) client awareness, the similarity of counselors' own ratings to clients' perceptions of their counselors; and (d) matched awareness, the similarity of counselors' perceptions of their clients to clients' perceptions of their counselors. In a study of session impact (scope), degree of agreement was found to vary substantially with each of the other factors-type of agreement, dimension rated, measure of agreement, and level of analysis.

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