Lung cancer risk was substantially elevated among PWA. Smoking could not entirely account for the observed elevation, especially among younger adults, suggesting a role for additional co-factors.

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We report an electrochemical study of bromine reduction to tribromide in a single nitrobenzene (NB) droplet during a single collision event. The feasibility of this study is based on the favorable distribution of Br2 in NB rather than in water, which was demonstrated by voltammetry at the NB/water interface. The NB-in-water emulsions containing the ionic liquids trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (ILPA) as the supporting electrolyte and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the surfactant were prepared by a high-power ultrasonication. Its single droplet as an attoliter reactor, colliding on a 25 μm Pt UME, was monitored by chronoamperometry. The spike-type current transients of Br2 reduction can elucidate the size and size distribution of NB, and measure the diffusion in the droplet as analyzed by a bulk electrolysis model. The frequency of collisions can provide diffusion coefficient of the droplets to the UME. Moreover, the i-t decay behavior can be simulated, which fits well with the experimental one.

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