This article examines the mobility of robbery and burglary offenders in ghetto and nonghetto spaces during a two-year period in a major metropolitan city. Data representing 990 incidents were collected from the Milwaukee County Circuit Court on 1187 persons charged with the commission of a robbery or burglary offense during 1976 and 1977. Accepting the premise that spatial structure has an impact on the movement of individual in space, this analysis investigates the movement of black and white offenders from ghetto and nonghetto spaces of Milwaukee County. It reveals that the single-core structure of the Milwaukee ghetto serves to restrict as well as to deflect the movements of most offenders, but black robbers are able to overcome the effect of the ghetto with relative ease when compared to other offenders.
Research findings on the crime patterns of women suggest that social changes in gender roles are associated with increased female criminality. Some researchers note that the increasing participation of women in established criminal organizations increases female crime levels in general, Other researchers demonstrate that involvement with deviant boyfriends or husbands in particular not only introduces women to addictive drugs, but also contributes to greater crime participation. Measures of the domestic network, crime commitment, drug use, ethnicity, and participation in vice and predatory crimes are used to focus on women's formation and participation in crime partnerships. Findings reveal that ethnicity, living with boyfriends or husbands, high levels of crime commission, particularly while carrying weapons, and participating in vice and predatory crimes are factors that are shared by a number of crime partnerships. On the other hand, having children raised by others, a history of incarceration and arrest, and opiate use are factors that are important for specific crime partnerships; therefore, these factors are unique considerations that relate to the likelihood that criminal partnerships will develop.
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