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AMPA receptor upregulation may contribute to the expression of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Conceivably, noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonists could be useful, alone or in combination with NMDA antagonists, in the treatment of PD, by enhancing the antiparkinsonian effects of levodopa without increasing and possibly even decreasing levodopa-induced dyskinesia.

Key Points Question Does the outcome of subthalamic deep brain stimulation vary among common monogenic forms of Parkinson disease? Findings In this systematic review and meta-analysis involving 518 patients from 17 published studies, treatment with subthalamic deep brain stimulation for patients with Parkinson disease with LRRK2 , GBA , or PRKN gene mutation yielded similar motor outcomes but different changes in dopaminergic doses, activities of daily living, motor complications, and cognitive functions. Meaning Genetic screening for LRRK2, GBA, and PRKN mutations in patients with Parkinson disease who are candidates for subthalamic deep brain stimulation may serve to inform outcomes.