This study compared the growth inhibitory effects of pure conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers (cis(c)9,c11-CLA, c9,trans(t)11-CLA, t9,t11-CLA, and t10,c12-CLA) on human colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2, HT-29, and DLD-1). When Caco-2 cells were incubated up to 72 h with 200 M each isomer even in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), cell proliferation was inhibited by all CLA isomers in a time dependent manner. The strongest inhibitory effect was shown by t9,t11-CLA, followed by t10,c12-CLA, c9,c11-CLA, and c9,t11-CLA, respectively. The strongest effect of t9,t11-CLA was also observed in other colon cancer cell lines (HT-29 and DLD-1). The order of the inhibitory effect of CLA isomer was confirmed in the presence of 1% FBS. CLA isomers supplemented in the culture medium were readily incorporated into the cellular lipids of Caco-2 and changed their fatty acid composition. The CLA contents in cellular lipids were 26.2+2.7% for t9,t11-CLA, 35.9+0.3% for c9,t11-CLA, and 46.3+0.8% for t10,c12-CLA, respectively. DNA fragmentation was clearly recognized in Caco-2 cells treated with t9,t11-CLA. This apoptotic effect of t9,t11-CLA was dose-and time-dependent. DNA fragmentation was also induced by 9c,11t-CLA and t10,c12-CLA. However, fragmentation levels with both isomers were much lower than that with t9,t11-CLA.t9t11-CLA treatment of Caco-2 cells decreased Bcl-2 levels in association with apoptosis, whereas Bax levels remained unchanged. These results suggest that decreased expression of Bcl-2 by t9t11-CLA might increase the sensitivity of cells to lipid peroxidation and to programmed cell death, apoptosis. AbstractThis study compared the growth inhibitory effects of pure conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers (cis(c)9,c11-CLA, c9,trans(t)11-CLA, t9,t11-CLA, and t10,c12-CLA) on human colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2, HT-29, and DLD-1). When Caco-2 cells were incubated up to 72 h with 200 µM each isomer even in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), cell proliferation was inhibited by all CLA isomers in a time dependent manner. The strongest inhibitory effect was shown by t9,t11-CLA, followed by t10,c12-CLA, c9,c11-CLA, and c9,t11-CLA, respectively. The strongest effect of t9,t11-CLA was also observed in other colon cancer cell lines (HT-29 and DLD-1). The order of the inhibitory effect of CLA isomer was confirmed in the presence of 1% FBS. * Manuscript 2CLA isomers supplemented in the culture medium were readily incorporated into the cellular lipids of Caco-2 and changed their fatty acid composition. The CLA contents in cellular lipids were 26.2+2.7% for t9,t11-CLA, 35.9+0.3% for c9,t11-CLA, and 46.3+0.8% for t10,c12-CLA, respectively. DNA fragmentation was clearly recognized in Caco-2 cells treated with t9,t11-CLA. This apoptotic effect of t9,t11-CLA was doseand time-dependent. DNA fragmentation was also induced by 9c,11t-CLA and t10,c12-CLA. However, fragmentation levels with both isomers were much lower than that with t9,t11-CLA. t9t11-CLA treatment of Caco-2 cells decreased Bcl-2 levels in...
Crystallization behavior of palm oil and tripalmitin (PPP) in a model margarine system was investigated. The model margarine was held in a programmable oven, heated to 5°C for 12 h and then 20°C for a further 12 h. After 3 weeks, the model margarine was evaluated by polarization microscopy. Granular crystals were observed in the margarine containing an excess amount of palm oil and PPP. The concentration of higher-melting fatty acids was higher in the crystals relative to the surroundings. Likewise, the presence of lower-melting fatty acids was lower in the crystals. The polymorphic structure of the margarine with excess palm oil and PPP was determined to be all b¢ by X-RD spectra. The result suggested that the agglomeration of higher-melting point triglycerides (TAGs), such as PPP in this study, led to the formation of granular crystals in the margarine without b polymorphic emergence.
Margarine and fat spread contain typical water-in-oil emulsions, including semi-solid fats, as continuous oil phases. The application of palm oil, one of the most promising trans-fat alternatives, for semi-solid fats is increasing. However, granular crystals often occur in palm-oil-based solid fats and cause deterioration. In this study, we carried out differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments on granular crystals in margarine. A conventional laboratoryscale technique was applied to examine thermal properties of high-melting fat fractions in granular crystals. In addition, microstructures of the granular crystal were precisely observed with a synchrotron radiation small-angle XRD (SR-μ-SAXD) technique by using a microbeam having a cross section of 5×5 μm 2 . The following results were obtained. (1) DSC indicated that granular crystals are composed of high-melting fractions having a melting temperature of 23°C. (2) Conventional XRD of granular crystals indicated that β-fat crystals of a triple chain length structure (β-3) melted below the melting of β′-fat of a double chain length structure (β′-2). (3) SR-μ-SAXD indicated that the fat crystals in normal margarine were β′-2. However, the fat crystals of the double and triple chain length structures were simultaneously observed at the center region of a granular crystal, whereas only the fat crystals of β-3 were observed at the outer region of a granular crystal. We analyzed the microstructures and formation processes of granular crystals in relation to the fractional crystallization of the β form of 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol promoted by crystallization and transformation of tripalmitin and tristearin fractions.
Effect of the fatty acid composition of monoglycerides and shear on the polymorphic behavior in a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion semi-solid fats blend was investigated. The bulk fat blend and the W/O emulsion fat blend with added either unsaturated or saturated monoglycerides were prepared using a rapid cooling heat exchanger, and the polymorphic transitions from b 0 to b-form during storage were compared by X-ray diffraction. The peak intensity of the b-polymorph of the samples with added saturated monoglycerides was stronger than that of unsaturated monoglycerides, and the peak intensity of the b-polymorph of the W/O fat blend emulsions was stronger than that of the bulk fat blends. The polymorphic transition to the b-form during storage of the W/O emulsion fat blend was promoted by the applied shear. In contrast, that of the bulk fat blend was retarded by shear. These results suggested that fatty acids, which combined to monoglycerides on the surface of water droplets, influenced the polymorph transformation of the fat crystal network in a continuous semi-solid fat phase because of the acyl-acyl interactions between the fatty acid residues of the monoglycerides and triacylglycerols in the fat crystal network.
Sphingomyelin Ceramide Lipid metabolism SCD1 A B S T R A C T The effect of lipid concentrated-butter serum (LC-BS) on the plasma and hepatic cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels of obese-model mouse (KK-A y ) was evaluated. The same analysis was done on the main lipid fractions from LC-BS, namely, ceramide rich fraction (Ceramide-fr), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) rich fraction (PE-fr), and sphingomyelin(SPM) rich fraction (SPM-fr). Plasma cholesterol of mice fed LC-BS and Ceramide-fr was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of the control. Hepatic total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels was also reduced significantly by Ceramide-fr feeding (P < 0.05). Although there was no significant difference in the fatty acid composition of all dietary lipids, significant decrease (P < 0.05) in content of 18:1n-9 was found in the liver lipids of the mice fed Ceramide-fr containing diet. The level of 16:1n-7 and 18:1n-7 was also reduced by Ceramide-fr feeding. This result suggests the down-regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) by milk ceramides, which would be related to the decrease in triacylglycerol and cholesterol levels in the liver and in the plasma.
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