A b s t r a c t. Electrical properties of food materials can give information about the inner structure and physiological state of biological tissues. Generally, the process of drying of fruits and vegetables is followed by weight loss. The aim of this study was to measure the impedance spectra of carrot slices during drying and to correlate impedance parameters to moisture content in different drying periods. Cylindrical slices were cut out from the carrot root along the axis. The slices were dried in a Venticell 111 air oven at 50°C. The weight of the slices was measured with a Denver SI-603 electronic analytical and precision balance. The weighing of the samples was performed every 30 min at the beginning of drying and every 60 min after the process. The moisture content of the samples was calculated on wet basis. The magnitude and phase angle of electrical impedance of the slices were measured with HP 4284A and 4285A precision LCR meters in the frequency range from 30 Hz to 1 MHz and from 75 kHz to 30 MHz, respectively, at voltage 1 V. The impedance measurement was performed after weighting. The change in the magnitude of impedance during drying showed a good correlation with the change in the moisture content.
Gálik R., Boďo Š. Staroňová L. (2015): Monitoring the inner surface of teat cup liners made from different materials. Res. Agr. Eng., 61 (Special Issue): S74-S78.The modern milking equipment consists of several rubber parts. Among these rubber parts, the most important is a teat cup liner, which provides direct contact force to teat tissue. Properties of teat cup liners directly affect the technical and technological process of milking, udder health condition and quality of obtained milk. The aim of the study is to specify the inner surface roughness of cup liners made from different materials. Roughness was measured using Surftest-301 Mitutoyo connected to a printer. Teat cup liners were monitored and evaluated at three different locations of the inner surface, every three months in primary production. The obtained results showed linear regression between the inner surface roughness of teat cup liners and exposure time. Significant differences of selected indicators of silicone liners were observed with P-value (0.029) < alpha (0.05). The model equation shows that if the value of cup liners exposure time increases by one month, inner surface roughness is likely to increase by approximately 0.039 μm.
The aim of the study was to determine the milking process quality through the temperature changes on teats. The measurements were conducted to evaluate the effect of partial vacuum 45 kPa and 40 kPa at the mammary gland. The measurements were done on a dairy farm at six Holstein breed dairy cows that were in the second stage of lactation. Temperature changes on teats were measured with thermal camera ThermoProTM TP8S IR during 2 days (morning milking and afternoon milking partial vacuum to 45 kPa, morning and afternoon milking with 40 kPa). The teats surface temperature was monitored before milking, after milking, 2 minutes after milking and 4 minutes after milking. The obtained results showed the increasing temperature during machine milking at both partial vacuums (45 kPa, 40 kPa). The highest temperature was reached immediately after milking. At the partial vacuum 45 kPa, the temperature increase was in morning and afternoon milking an average of +2.44 K. At partial vacuum 40 kPa the temperature increase was +1.93 K. Both temperature increases were statistically different (P > 0.05). The largest temperature decrease of teats was detected just two minutes after milking. Thermographic method used to assess the quality of milking process has proved to be useful because of the teat’s response to a machine milking process.
The paper focuses on the analysis of compliance with the technological discipline in silage quality assessment based on sampling the silage wall using thermal imaging and penetrometer method for silage compaction. Experimental measurements were done in a selected company, which has built a silage trough with a capacity of 6,624 m 3 , in which the maize (hybrid KWS -KALIFF FAO 440) with a 36% solids content was ensiled. A thermal camera ThermoPro TM TP8S IR and cone penetrometer Eijkelkamp were used for measurements. The results obtained suggest that also undesirable heating was found in the sampling area, since the maximum temperature at some places in the depth of 0.5 m reached a temperature of 36.4 °C. According to regression and correlation analysis, we found direct linear relationship between penetration resistance and penetration depth in a 6 m and 1.5 m height (R = 0.938 respectively R = 0.970).
The study deals with emission factor determination at diff erent breeding technology of lying hens. Concentration of ammonia and greenhouse gases were investigated under the laboratory condition for hens breeding of enriched cages, in comparison with conventional breeding technology with exhaust air cross fl ow (1), technology for layered straw on to dropping belt (2) and technology with exhaust air under the cage's grate (3).
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