BACKGROUND Intraindividual blood pressure (BP) fluctuates dynamically over time. Previous studies suggested an adverse link between greater visit-to-visit variability (VVV) in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and various outcomes. However, these studies have significant limitations, such as a small size, inclusion of selected populations, and restricted outcomes. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association of increased VVV and all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in a large cohort of U.S. veterans. METHODS From among 3,285,684 U.S. veterans with and without hypertension and normal estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) during 2005 and 2006, we identified 2,865,157 patients who had 8 or more outpatient BP measurements. SBP variability (SBPV) was measured using the SD of all SBP values (normally distributed) in 1 individual. Associations of SD quartiles (<10.3, 10.3 to 12.7, 12.7 to 15.6, and ≥15.6 mm Hg) with all-cause mortality, incident coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and ESRD was examined using Cox models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, baseline eGFR, comorbidities, body mass index, SBP, diastolic BP, and antihypertensive medication use. RESULTS Several sociodemographic variables (older age, male sex, African-American race, divorced or widowed status) and clinical characteristics (lower baseline eGFR, higher SBP and DBP), and comorbidities (presence of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and lung disease) were all associated with higher intraindividual SBPV. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for SD quartiles 2 through 4 (compared to the first quartile) associated with all-cause mortality, CHD, stroke, and ESRD were incrementally higher. CONCLUSIONS Higher SBPV in individuals with and without hypertension was associated with increased risks of all-cause mortality, CHD, stroke, and ESRD. Further studies are needed to determine interventions that can lower SBPV and their impact on adverse health outcomes.

Objective Hyperchloremia is frequently observed in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Our study aimed to examine the association of serum chloride (Cl) levels with hospital mortality in septic ICU patients. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Urban academic medical center ICU. Patients ICU adult patients with severe sepsis or septic shock who had Cl measured on ICU admission were included. Those with baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate < 15 ml/min/1.73 m2 or chronic dialysis were excluded. Intervention: None. Measurements and Main Results Of 1940 patients included in the study, 615 (31.7%) had hyperchloremia (Cl ≥ 110 mEq/L) on ICU admission. All-cause hospital mortality was the dependent variable. Cl on ICU admission (Cl0), Cl at 72 h (Cl72), and delta Cl (ΔCl = Cl72 – Cl0) were the independent variables. Those with Cl0 ≥ 110 mEq/L were older and had higher cumulative fluid balance, base deficit, and sequential organ failure assessment scores. Multivariate analysis showed that higher Cl72 but not Cl0 was independently associated with hospital mortality in the subgroup of patients with hyperchloremia on ICU admission [adjusted odds ratio (OR) for Cl72 per 5 mEq/L increase = 1.27, 95% CI (1.02–1.59), P = 0.03]. For those who were hyperchloremic on ICU admission, every within-subject 5 mEq/L increment in Cl72 was independently associated with hospital mortality [adjusted OR for ΔCl 5 mEq/L = 1.37, 95% CI [1.11–1.69], P = 0.003]. Conclusions In critically ill septic patients manifesting hyperchloremia (Cl ≥110 mEq/L) on ICU admission, higher Cl levels and within-subject worsening hyperchloremia at 72 h of ICU stay were associated with all-cause hospital mortality. These associations were independent of base deficit, cumulative fluid balance, acute kidney injury, and other critical illness parameters.

2020) Survival rate in acute kidney injury superimposed COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Renal Failure, 42:1, 393-397,

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Objectives: We examined the association between fluid overload and major adverse kidney events in critically ill patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: ICU in a tertiary medical center. Patients: Four-hundred eighty-one critically ill adults requiring continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Fluid overload was assessed as fluid balance from admission to continuous renal replacement therapy initiation, adjusted for body weight. Major adverse kidney events were defined as a composite of mortality, renal replacement therapy-dependence or inability to recover 50% of baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (if not on renal replacement therapy) evaluated up to 90 days after discharge. Patients with fluid overload less than or equal to 10% were less likely to experience major adverse kidney events than those with fluid overload greater than 10% (71.6% vs 79.4%; p = 0.047). Multivariable logistic regression showed that fluid overload greater than 10% was associated with a 58% increased odds of major adverse kidney events (p = 0.046), even after adjusting for timing of continuous renal replacement therapy initiation. There was also a 2.7% increased odds of major adverse kidney events for every 1 day increase from ICU admission to continuous renal replacement therapy initiation (p = 0.024). Fluid overload greater than 10% was also found to be independently associated with an 82% increased odds of hospital mortality (p = 0.004) and 2.5 fewer ventilator-free days (p = 0.044), compared with fluid overload less than or equal to 10%. Conclusions: In critically ill patients with acute kidney injury requiring continuous renal replacement therapy, greater than 10% fluid overload was associated with higher risk of 90-day major adverse kidney events, including mortality and decreased renal recovery. Increased time between ICU admission and continuous renal replacement therapy initiation was also associated with decreased renal recovery. Fluid overload represents a potentially modifiable risk factor, independent of timing of continuous renal replacement therapy initiation, that should be further examined in interventional studies.

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