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ZusammenfassungEin gut ausgeprägtes Anstrengungsempfinden ist die Voraussetzung für eine eigenständige Belastungsregulation im Breiten- und Gesundheitssport. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob das Anstrengungsempfinden im Zusammenhang zu kognitiven Fähigkeiten steht, die der Verhaltens- und kognitiven Kontrolle zuzuordnen sind. Dazu wurde das Anstrengungsempfinden von 35 Amateurfußballerinnen während einer Trainingseinheit erfasst und im Hinblick auf die aktuelle Herzfrequenz sowie die kumulierte Trainingsintensität analysiert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die kognitive Leistungsgeschwindigkeit und die wahrgenommene Selbstregulationskompetenz den gemessenen Zusammenhang zwischen Anstrengungsempfinden und Herzfrequenzparametern moderiert. Zusätzlich konnte ein Einfluss des Alters und der sportspezifischen Erfahrung nachgewiesen werden. Die Ergebnisse weisen somit auf die Relevanz spezifischer kognitiver Kompetenzen für das Anstrengungsempfinden hin, was bei der autonomen Belastungsregulation berücksichtigt werden sollte.

Perinatal asphyxia represents one of the major causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Hypothermia is currently the only established treatment for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), but additional pharmacological strategies are being explored to further reduce the damage after perinatal asphyxia. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether 2-iminobiotin (2-IB) superimposed on hypothermia has the potential to attenuate hypoxia-induced injury of neuronal cells. In vitro hypoxia was induced for 7 h in neuronal IMR-32 cell cultures. Afterwards, all cultures were subjected to 25 h of hypothermia (33.5 • C), and incubated with vehicle or 2-IB (10, 30, 50, 100, and 300 ng/ml). Cell morphology was evaluated by brightfield microscopy. Cell damage was analyzed by LDH assays. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using fluorometric assays. Western blotting for PARP, Caspase-3, and the phosphorylated forms of akt and erk1/2 was conducted. To evaluate early apoptotic events and signaling, cell protein was isolated 4 h post-hypoxia and human apoptosis proteome profiler arrays were performed. Twenty-five hour after the hypoxic insult, clear morphological signs of cell damage were visible and significant LDH release as well as ROS production were observed even under hypothermic conditions. Post-hypoxic application of 2-IB (10 and 30 ng/ml) reduced the hypoxia-induced LDH release but not ROS production. Phosphorylation of erk1/2 was significantly increased after hypoxia, while phosphorylation of akt, protein expression of Caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP were only slightly increased. Addition of 2-IB did not affect any of the investigated proteins. Apoptosis proteome profiler arrays performed with cellular protein obtained 4 h after hypoxia revealed that post-hypoxic application of 2-IB resulted in a ≥ 25% down regulation of 10/35 apoptosis-related proteins: Bad, Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved Caspase-3, TRAILR1, TRAILR2, PON2, p21, p27, and phospho Rad17. In summary, addition of 2-IB during hypothermia is able to attenuate hypoxia-induced neuronal cell damage in vitro. Combination treatment of hypothermia with 2-IB could be a promising strategy to reduce hypoxia-induced neuronal cell damage and should be considered in further animal and clinical studies.

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