Xanthomonas wilt caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv.musacearum (Xcm) is one of the most important constraints to banana production. The use of resistant banana varieties would be a long-term and cost-effective solution to control any pathogen. Therefore, identifying this pathogen resistant banana genotype is one of the basic requirements for effective management. The current study was therefore initiated to evaluate banana genotypes for resistance to banana Xanthomonas wilt. The experiment was conducted at Arsi University greenhouse from 2014 to 2015 GC. Banana and enset disease were collected and bacterial isolates were isolated and characterized based on different characterization tests. Twelve (12) banana genotypes were inoculated with three Xcm isolates (I 1, I 2 and I 3 ) in a factorial experiment arranged in CRD with six replications. Disease assessment data was conducted and analyzed. Bacterial isolates were isolated and the identity of the isolated strains was confirmed as Xcm. The analysis of variance for incubation period, wilting incidence and disease severity revealed significant variations (p<0.05) among banana genotype and isolates. The results revealed that "Cadaba" genotype was found to have the lowest wilt incidence of 16.67%, severity index 15.07% and longest incubation period 5.28 and 9.33 weeks for initial and complete wilting respectively, moderately resistant to the pathogen and producers preferred for multiplication. Butuza, Grandy nani, Robusta and Willams genotype were determined as moderately susceptible having wilting incidence of 21-30%. However, "Nijuru Genotype" showed the highest wilting incidence of 66.67%, severity index 38.78% followed by "Matooke that could be used as highly susceptible checks in future screening trail. Results also revealed that among Xcm isolates, isolate-I 2 is the most aggressive, while isolate I 1 is the least aggressive. As the current work revealed, the potential variation among banana genotype reaction to Xcm infection, genotype that showed moderately susceptible reaction should be further evaluated against Xcm.
A field experiment was conducted at Kulumsa center of the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) during September 2011 and January 2011 to assess the efficacy of botanical insecticides against the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum and their effect on the commonly associated natural enemies of the pest. Aqueous extracts of different parts of four plant species, namely Trev.), young leaves of Blue Gum (Eucalyptus A. Juss) and matured leaves of Aloe ( concentrations (5 and 10%) were tested along with the standard insecticide Pirimicarb 50% WP and untreated check on pea aphid tolerant variety (Tegegnech) and susceptible variety (Mohanderfer). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The lowest and highest aphid population and damage level were recorded from the standard insecticide (Pirimicarb) and untreated plots, respectively. Aphid population and their damage in botanical treatments were intermediate between the standard and the untreated check. Eucalyptus globulus resulted in lower aphid population and damage level than the re of botanical treatments. Similarly, the lowest and highest yield were recorded from the untreated and Pirimicarb treated plots, respectively. Differences between any of the botanical and Pirimicarb treatments were not significant for yield ( 0.51 to 0.81 tons/ha higher yield than the untreated check. This corresponds to a yield advantage of 21.1 to 33.5% over the untreated control. Aphid population in variety 'Tegegnech' was similar to that of the 'Mohanderfer' but damage seve rate (10 %) resulted in lower pest populations, less damage and higher yield than the low rate (5 %). Predation and parasitism were relatively high in the untreated plots, intermediate in botanical treated plots and low in Pirimicarb treatments suggesting that botanicals were safer to the natural enemies of the pest
The survey was carried out in 2017 main cropping season to support farmers for correct insect pest identification. Three Kebeles, Hallo, Sambaro and Herara with five farmer’s fields randomly selected. Ten representative plants were taken from each field. Data on mean larval density per plant, percentage leaf infestation and damage levels were assessed. Results from mean larval density per plant showed that significant difference between insect species (R2= 0.96, Pr (>|Z|=0.013) where the highest 1.55-2.30 was recorded from C. partellus. There was a significant difference between C. partellus and M. trapezalis; S. frugiperda and M. trapezalis in percentage leaf infestation (R2=0.75, Pr. (>|Z|=2e-16) where, the highest were recorded from C. partellus and S. frugiperda representing 50-90% and 40-90% respectively. From the above, C. partellus and S. frugiperda were at risk, as a result insecticide was recommended. M. trapezalis showed a lower infestation level so that hand picking was more economical than use of insecticide. Hence, registration and detail molecular identification will be needed as M. trapezals is the first record on maize crop in Ethiopia.
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