The frequency of hydro-meteorological disasters (climate and weather-related) in Indonesia has continued to increase in the last ten years. Java Island is the region with the highest disaster occurrence in Indonesia. The CMAP (the CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation) rainfall data for the long time period 1981-2016 was used in this study. While the in situ data was used for verification of CMAP data. The rainfall is one of the main parameters that affects the climate in Indonesia. A study using this long-term data has been done to investigate the changes of rainfall occurring in Java Island per-decade. The results showed that the annual rainfall pattern appears to be almost the same during the all periods (period I, II, III and IV), but the intensity of the annual rainfall changes significantly. While the real changes are also seen in seasonal rainfall patterns and their intensity on Java Island. These changes indicate that the average rainfall in period IV is higher than period I, II and III. Likewise, the early of the dry/rainy season and the length of the season appear to be shifting in six locations from seven locations of case studies conducted. The CMAP data is quite well as alternative data in climate-related research because it has a good verification of in situ data.
The tropical cyclones (TCs) are a serious danger to marine and coastal areas in the tropics because they cause strong winds and extreme sea wave height. The combination of these two parameters will be dangerous for shipping safety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Tropical cyclone on significant wave heights and surface winds in the southern sea of Java with case studies of TC Cempaka (21-29 November 2017) and TC Dahlia (26 November-4 December 2017). The relationship between two parameters was also discussed in this paper. Both of these tropical cyclone events are interesting to study because they occured in the southern sea of Java and in adjacent time periods. Special attention was paid to the southern sea of Java because it had high shipping traffic where 8 locations were used as case studies. Significant wave height and wind conditions were evaluated using data obtained from the European Mid-Term Weather Forecast Center (ECMWF) with 6 hourly temporal resolution (time UTC 00.00, 06.00, 12.00, 18.00) and 0.5 x 0.5 degrees spatial resolution. The obtained results showed that the influence of TC Dahlia on significant wave height and surface wind appears stronger than the influence of TC Cempaka. During TC Dahlia, the strongest relationship between wind and significant wave height was in the southern sea of Central Java 01 and Yogyakarta 01 with correlation coefficients of 0.84 and 0.81, respectively. While the frequency of extreme wave height of 55.56% appeared to occur in the southern seas of West Java 01 and Central Java 01.
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