Introduction:Pedobarography as a new diagnostic tool enables measuring the pressure between the foot and the floor during dynamic loading. Dynamic analysis of the foot shows advantage over static analysis due to its capabilities for detecting high load points in certain diseases and in certain phases of walking. Pedobarography as a new method in the context of rehabilitation include wide range of clinical entities.Goal:To show the advantages of pedobarography as new diagnostic and rehabilitation method in prevention programs.Material and methods:A prospective study included 100 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Research was conducted in the Primary Health Care Center of the Sarajevo Canton and the Center for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. The test parameters were: Test of balance–symmetric load for the test, the number of comorbidity, clinical examination of foot deformity, test with 10 g monofilament, HbA1c. From the total sample 45 patients (Group I) were selected, aged 50-65 years, which underwent pedobarography (on the appliance Novel Inc., Munich with EMED™ platform) and robotic fabrication of individual orthopedic insoles, followed by control pedobarography. Plantar pressure was determined using standard pedobarography, computer recorded parameters: peak pressure (kPa), force (Ns), area (cm).Results:The average age of the respondents was 59.4±11.38 years; altered results on the balance test were present in 34% of patients; 61% of respondents have ≤2 comorbidity. In the total sample, the average number of foot deformity was 2.84. Flat feet have 66% of respondents, and valgus position 57%. The average HbA1c values were 7.783±1.58% (min.5–max.15.0). All subjects (45) after the first, and after the second measurement of peak pressure, have values above 200 kPa, or are in the designated zone of peak pressure that needs to be corrected. In a study was determined the correlation between the number of deformities and peak pressure, the number of deformities and the area upon which plantar pressure act, test with 10g monofilament and peak pressure.Conclusion:Within the framework of prevention programs early diagnosis, detection of sensitivity disorders, adequate treatment and taking load from the feet with the help of pedobarography, are of great importance for the patient suffering from diabetes

All of these centuries-old records contain enormous treasures, and the modern medicine is increasingly searching for the sources of natural remedies. The Franciscans should be credited for carefully collecting the methods folk treatment and passed them on to future generations. In the words of Br. Marko Karamatić: "The fact that the Friars were engaged in healthcare, that they became the first graduate doctors in Bosnia and Herzegovina, that they wrote" herbal manuals " and other medical records, is the result of historical opportunities in these areas, and this activity became one of the most important tasks for the Franciscans. They performed their duties regardless of the circumstances.

Introduction: Pseudo journals, hijacked journals, fraudulent journals, fake journals, and predatory journals waste valuable research when authors publish their studies in them. Aim: This article described novel suggested features for the identification of fraudulent journals and aimed to explain this issue to help inexperienced scientists avoid publishing in predatory journals. Methods: The articles related to this topic in were retrieved from PubMed and trustable Internet sources. Results: Unfortunately, some fake journals have made their way into reputable databases, such as PubMed, PubMed Central, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science; thus, the serious question has been raised regarding how we should address this problematic phenomenon. We recommended 28 suggested characteristics of predatory journals for readers to take into consideration. Conclusion: Unaware of the detrimental effects associated with publishing in disreputable journals, inexperienced researchers can fall victim to them. Together, as both readers and writers, we should completely boycott predatory journals.

Advances in medicine in recent decades are in significant correlation with the advances in the information technology. Modern information technologies (IT) have enabled faster, more reliable and comprehensive data collection. These technologies have started to create a large number of irrelevant information, which represents a limiting factor and a real growing gap, between the medical knowledge on one hand, and the ability of doctors to follow its growth on the other. Furthermore, in our environment, the term technology is generally reserved for its technical component. Education means, learning, teaching, or the process of acquiring skills or behavior modification through various exercises. Traditionally, medical education meant the oral, practical and more passive transferring of knowledge and skills from the educators to students and health professionals. For the clinical disciplines, of special importance are the principles, such as, “learning at bedside,” aided by the medical literature. In doing so, these techniques enable students to contact with their teachers, and to refer to the appropriate literature. The disadvantage of these educational methods is in the fact, that teachers often do not have enough time. Additionally they are not very convenient to the horizontal and vertical integration of teaching, create weak or almost no self education, as well as, low skill levels and poor integration of education with a real social environment. In this paper authors describe application of modern IT in medical education – their advantages and disadvantages comparing with traditional ways of education.

Introduction:Pharmacy and medicine belong to the oldest human activities, so the development of these sciences is closely related to the socio-economic, cultural and religious opportunities of the nations within which they have been developing.Goals:To present the historical influence of pharmacy on the development of the human being from its very beginning; To present the historical link between pharmaceutical and medical activity, as well as early development of independent pharmaceutical activity; To present the historical influence of pharmacists on the development of botany and pharmacognosy and to present the historical influence of the first written herbarium and incunabula on the development of pharmacognosy.Material and Methods:The article has a descriptive character, and represents a systematic review of the literature dealing with this topic.Results:The roots of pharmacy started to the very beginning of human civilization, when people collected various medicinal herbs and try to alleviate their health problems, pain and suffering. The scientific foundations of the pharmacy were set up in the antique period by the books of Dioskurides and Galen, and its further development continued in the mid-century, at the beginning by rewriting famous parts of ancient literature, and later by writing new discoveries (the base of this development was represented by South Italy) so that in 1240, for the first time in history, came the separation of doctors and pharmacists, and at the beginning of the 13th century the opening of the first pharmacy.Conclusion:The effort to maintain knowledge of medicinal herbs and its practical application has led to the writing of a large number of recipes books, the forerunners of today’s pharmacopeia, while the aspiration to classify medicinal herbs, and the desire to present medicinal herbs to ordinary people, has led to a large number of herbaria, making the knowledge and descriptions of plants available to many, not just the nobility. Descriptions of plants in herbaria and later in incunabula lead to the development of pharmacognosy, and to the opening of the first Department for pharmacognosy, 1545 in Padua.

Introduction:Family medicine as a part of the primary health care is devoted to provide continuous and comprehensive health care to the individuals and families regardless of age, gender, types of diseases and affected system or part of the body. Special emphasis in such holistic approach is given to the prevention of diseases and health promotion. Family Medicine is the first step/link between doctors and patients within patients care as well as regular inspections/examinations and follow-up of the health status of healthy people. Most countries aspire to join the European Union and therefore adopting new regulations that are applied in the European Union.Aim:The aim of this study is to present the role and importance of family medicine, or where family medicine is today in 21 Century from the beginning of development in these countries. The study is designed as a descriptive epidemiological study with data from 10 countries of the former Communist bloc, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary, just about half of them are members of the EU. We examined the following variables: socio-organizational indicators, health and educational indicators and health indicators. The data used refer to 2002 and as a source of data are used official data from reference WebPages of family medicine doctors associations, WONCA website (EURACT, EQuiP, EGPRN), WebPages of Bureau of Statistics of the countries where the research was conducted as well as the Ministries of Health.Results:Results indicates that the failures and shortcomings of health care organizations in Southeast Europe. Lack of money hinders the implementation of health care reform in all mentioned countries, the most of them that is more oriented to Bismarck financing system. Problems in the political, legal and economic levels are obstacles for efficient a problem reconstructing health care system toward family medicine and primary prevention interventions. The population is not enough educated for complicated enforcement for and prevention of diseases that have a heavy burden on the budget. Health insurance and payment of health services is often a problem, because the patients must be treated regardless of their insurance coverage and financial situation. The decrease in production and economic growth, as well as low gross national income in the countries with economic crisis, lead to the inability of treatment for a large number of the population. Such situation a system leads to additional debts and loans to healthcare system. Measures implemented for provision of acute curative care largely did not lead to improvements in the health status of the population. Educational and preventive measures, as well as higher standards for quality and accessibility of health care services for entire population in each country, especially those struggling are bound to joining the European Union and their implementation must start. The most A large number of medical inst...

The time interval from the 9th to the 13th century remained known as the “Golden period of the Arab science”, and a significant place among the taught sciences are occupied by Medicine and Pharmacy. In the history of medicine, Islamic medicine, also known as Arabic medicine, refers to the science of medicine developed in the Islamic Golden Age, and written in Arabic Arabs were able to use their cultural and natural resources and trade links to contribute to the strong development of pharmacy. After the collapse of the Arab rule, the Arab territorial expanses and cultural heritage were taken over by the Turks. Although scientific progress in the Turkish period slowed down due to numerous unfavorable political-economic and other circumstances, thanks to the Turks, Arab culture and useful Islamic principles expanded to the territory of our homeland of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Significant role in the transfer of Arabic medical and pharmaceutical knowledge was also attributed to the Sephardic Jews who, with their arrival, continued to perform their attar activities, which were largely based on Arab achievements. However, insufficiently elaborated, rich funds of oriental medical and pharmaceutical handwriting testify that Oriental science has nurtured in these areas as well, and that the Arab component in a specific way was intertwined with other cultures and traditions of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Introduction: The PhD program represents the biggest step in the education and the PhD itself is the crown of the work of one scientist ( 1 ). Each PhD thesis represents the contribution of the author to the development of the area in which he/she is active, and must present something new, unknown or unsufficiently explored until then, with direct implication for the practice. Aim: To present the difference between PhD program during 50 years period, with the presentation of the advantages that development and availability of science brought. Results: When different literature was not available in digital form, writing a PhD thesis after a postgraduate study and a long-term specialist work was the crown of the work of medical professional. Unfortunately, this process was sometimes difficult and was dependent on many parameters and subjective opinions, and was subject of numerous manipulations. In the present age, following the reform of education, and the implementation of Bologna Education System, the number of PhD students has increased and the study started to be held at all Universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 2 ). All those who completed the six-year study are able to attend the PhD studies. The main obligation for student and requirement for obtaining PhD degree is article from PhD thesis published in the Current Contents database. This criterion was removed over time and the situation now is that obligation is article that is published in journal thatis in the reference database (without clear definition in which databases). Quantity is achieved but we cannot say that for quality. During the year 2017, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 11 original articles in the field of clinical medicine were published (indexed in the journals that are in the Current Contents Indexed Publications (journals that belong to CC, SCI and SCI-E base) ( 3 , 4 ). These 11 papers are from the field of gastroenterology, psychiatry and ophthalmology ( 2 , 3 ). If this is the scientific opus of already experienced scientist, the question remains what is expected from young researchers. Conclusion: Which system is better, on this question answer cannot be given, because both systems have shortcommings and advantages. The fact is that there is a gap between generations, which is unlikely to be resolved. It is also a fact that the Bologna system is not ideal, but it is currently our present ( 5 , 6 , 7 ). A lot of students are enrolled, and the system must help them, in the process of successfully completing their PhD programs. This help cannot be achieved through the lowering of criteria (publications in science remain the only weapon in evaluati...